1. 3.1.1 – The demands of performance - Injury
Learning objectives
To understand how to prevent injury
To describe the phases of a warm up and the reasoning for it. To be able to understand how rules and officials protect against injury To understand and identify specific equipment/clothing for particular sports To be able to explain the term ‘balanced competition’ and how this can be achieved

2. Injury can be prevented by...?
How to prevent injury
With any physical activity or competition there are potential dangers. There are many safety precautions that players, officials and coaches should follow to ensure safety.
Injury can be prevented by...?
TASK: List as many steps or precautions that should be considered to ensure injury prevention.

3. How to reduce the risk of injury
Obey the rules
Follow training
Balancing competition
Warm up/cool down
Correct clothing/footwear
Correct and safe equipment
Use the correct techniques for the activity
Safe playing area

4. Why do we warm up? DISCUSS
All performer should prepare well for exercise. A thorough warm up is vital to prepare the mind and body.
Sport specific warm ups are essential to ensure the appropriate skills and techniques are ready for hard work.
Why do we warm up? DISCUSS

5. Reasons for a warm up Gradually increase heart rate
Gradually increase body temperature
Specific game actions can be made ready
Prepares the mind for competition/game
Increases the intensity to near competitive speed

6. The warm up phases
1. Aerobic phase – light aerobic work such as jogging and side-stepping are ideal to slowly increase the heart and lung rates.
2. Flexibility/mobility phase – Stretches and mobility work will increase the range of movement around the working areas of the body. Dynamic stretches are thought to be the most useful and are used by all elite level clubs.

7. The warm up phases
1. Skill/sport specific exercises – This phase allows players to ready themselves for a competitive situation. E.g. 3 vs 1, or triangle passing in football.

8. Cool down
A cool down will return the body to a complete resting state. Gentle stretching will remove lactic acid and prevent muscles cramps. A cool down will also prevent DOMS (delay onset muscle soreness)

9. What factors will effect the safety of a OAA trip?
Equipment condition
Environmental conditions. e.g. storm, tide or adverse weather conditions.
The experience of the group
What factors will effect the safety of a OAA trip?
Experience of the group leaders
Planning of the trip

10. Precautions in outdoor and adventurous activities
Outdoor and adventurous activities can include mountaineering, climbing, caving and canoeing. Before setting off careful planning must be done and weather reports studied.
In mountainous areas the weather can change rapidly including, mist, rain, snow, heat and storms.
Wind and temperature:
Wind can make it feel much cooler than it is. This is called a chill factor.
The wind takes the warm layer away and evaporates the moisture on the skin.

11. Precautions in outdoor and adventurous activities
Experience of the leader:
A major safety factor of a party is the experience and ability of your leader. They should have expertise in the use of equipment such as a compass and understand safety procedures.
Leaders should be able to assess the groups ability and cater for weaker individuals.

12. Correct equipment and safe practices
Games activities:
Equipment should be relevant for the age and experience of the performer. Playing areas and simplified rules can also be used to suit the individuals.

13. Lifting:
Applying safe lifting techniques is vital to safety. Keep your back straight, grip the object firmly and bend your knees.

14. Gymnastics: WHAT SAFETY MEASURES SHOULD WE THINK ABOUT?
Landing areas should be matted. 2 footed landings should be encouraged to ensure safety.
Trampolining:
Getting the trampoline out should be done by qualified people.
Spotters are vital to the safety of the performer.
What should SPOTTERS consider when doing their job?

15. Athletics:
Throwing events require a safe throwing area. i.e. Netting, and clear distances between spectators and competitors.
Jumping event require a safe clear landing area.
Swimming:
Swimming pool information signs state various safety rules including ‘no running’. Why?
Goggles, flip flops and swimming caps are encouraged for health and safety reasons. Why?
Open water is far more dangerous.
List the hazards with open water. i.e. Swimming at sea

16. Correct Clothing and Equipment
Players in most sports wear protective equipment to prevent injury (SAFETY). In some sports it is compulsory to wear protective equipment. e.g. shin pads for football.
What clothing is required for the following:
HOCKEY?
CRICKET?
SWIMMING?

17. Jewellery
Before any sport or competitive matches the players are checked for jewellery. It is vital for the safety of the player and the opposition.
These include RINGS, NECKLACES & EARRINGS.
Some players will tape these items up prior to the match starting.

18. Footwear: Activity Footwear needs Football Stability – studs
Wearing the correct footwear is essential to all sports. The right footwear will PROTECT and ASSIST PERFORMANCE.
Activity
Footwear needs
Football
Stability – studs
Basketball
Support – high ankle
Endurance runner
Cushioning – soft sole
Discuss
Low friction – smooth sole
Rock climber
High friction – rubber grip sole

19. Rules and codes of conduct
Why do we have rules?
2 MINUTES TO DISCUSS
Rules and laws in sport are not just there to ensure fair play – they are also designed to protect participants.

20. The rules of the game
Think of how the rules in the following sports help to protect participants.
Ice hockey
Boxing
Track cycling
Students could identify the different rules of their sport and state reasons why they exist.
Officials make sure that rules are kept and discipline players when necessary. What are the consequences of rule breaking?

21. Duties of an official or referee
An umpire is expected to check performers have the correct equipment and should have the right tools for the job.
TASK: What equipment does a football referee need to take charge of a match?
Pencil
Watch (x2)
Score pad
Disciplinary Cards
Whistle
Students could identify the different rules of their sport and state reasons why they exist.

22. Duties of an official or referee
What are the duties of a football referee?
The right fitness level to keep up with the game
Full knowledge of the rules
Keep the laws of the game upheld
Duties
Check the condition of the playing surface
Students could identify the different rules of their sport and state reasons why they exist.
Keep up with play and make decisions efficiently
Record the score and log a match report if necessary

23. Balanced competition
List reasons with students – size imbalance/ strength differences/ different skill levels/ same physical development – danger of injury etc.
Discuss the following in a range of sports: Weight categories/ Age categories/ Gender categories
Discuss where men and women compete together – mixed tennis, show jumping. What are the issues around mixed gender sports?
Would you allow these two individuals to compete against each other in a boxing match? Why not?

24. Grading/Skill ability
Balanced competition
Another way to make sport safe is to try to level the competition by grading competitors in various ways. It also ensures FAIR competition.
There are 4 ways of Balancing Competition:
Grading/Skill ability
Sportspeople are graded according to their skill level and will compete against people of similar ability.
e.g. Karate, Judo and Golf.

25. Weight:
Participants will compete with opponents of the similar weight. E.g. Boxing, weight lifting.

26. Age:
Youth and adult groupings. E.g. U15 and seniors

27. Gender:
Men are generally more physically stronger than women. E.g. single sex competition.

28. Etiquette What is etiquette?
- Unwritten code of behaviour that a player stands by when competing. Each sport has its own code of behaviour and ‘sportsmanship gestures’. EXAMPLES?

31. Summary Questions: Why do we have rules in sport?
What is the reason for balanced competition?
What are the 3 phase of a warm up and give examples for each section?
What is etiquette?
What safety considerations should you think about before an outdoor adventurous trip?