1. Class Structure
Antebellum Era

2. Class Structure
North- class was based on wealth allowing people to move upward from one class to another
South- class was based wealth and being born into the “right family” and was difficult to move upward

3. Planters
Large: owned 50 slaves and more than 1,000 acres. Less than 1% of the population. Lavish lifestyle and homes.
Small: owned 20 – 49 slaves and ,000 acres. 3% of the population
Controlled most of the Southern wealth and political leaders

4. Farmers with slaves Owned fewer than 20 slaves. Most owned 5 or fewer.
20% of the population
Comfortable homes- Middle Class

5. Merchants and “People of Letters”
Lived in towns or cities
Cotton brokers, merchants, teachers, doctors, ministers, newspaper publishers, and lawyers
1- 2 percent of the population
Middle Class

6. Yeoman Farmers and Poor Whites
Made up 75% of the population
Famers/subsistence farmers
Lived in shacks or cabins
Work sun up to sun down including children
“White Trash”- moved around in search of jobs or beggars

7. Free Blacks Farmers, day laborers, artisans, or tenant farmers
A few owned slaves and plantations
6% of the population
Limited personal freedoms (education, socially, travel)

8. Slaves 11.5% lived in Georgia (4 million country wide)
Skin color determined class structure among the slaves

9. Slavery Not allowed in GA until early 1750’s (Remember the Trustees)
Quickly grew- agriculture based economy ( cotton gin)
Dependence on cotton led to a change of attitude about the evils of slavery

10. Causes -Causes of CW Notes
Think about the following: 1. What were the terms of the Missouri Compromise? 2. How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act counteract it?
3. What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850?

11. North/South Comparison
Northern Perspective
Southern Perspective
Slavery:
States’ Rights
Class structure
Type of Economy:
Tariffs:
Nullification:
Most supported slavery as a necessary evil, or even as a charitable cause.
Most were against slavery
believed that in order for the United States to function as one Union, political decisions should be made to would benefit the entire country
thought states should have the right to govern themselves and to decide what would be best for their own needs
Based on wealth and being born into the right family. Hard to move up.
Based on wealth. Easy to move upward
Factories, Mining, Banks, Stores
Railroads
Agriculture: cotton, tobacco, rice
Supported higher tariffs to imported goods making northern goods cheaper
Being buyers of imported goods due to little manufacturing, the south did not want these tariffs.
Did not believe nullification was necessary and that states should support laws passed federally.
Felt that states had the right to nullify, or invalidate, a law which that state viewed unconstitutional.

12. Causes of the Civil War?
Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, states’ rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia and the role of Alexander Stephens.

13. Slavery
Slavery was not allowed in Georgia until the early 1750s. Slavery grew due to Georgia’s agricultural based economy. However, slavery grew exponentially with the invention of the cotton gin.

14. Philosophical shift
In the 1820’s, the Great Awakening, a religious revival, increased support of abolitionist.
Southern Perspectives:
Slavery was vital to their lifestyle (necessary evil)- GREED
Partaking in their Christianly duty/Act of Charity
“We would remind those who condemn and sympathize with slavery, that this slavery relieves him from far crueler slavery in Africa…..and Christianizes, protects, supports, and civilizes him.”~ Fitzhugh
Abolitionists
Northern Perspectives:
Pro- slavery
“We find it no inconvenience at all to be waited upon. I have one and sometimes two to attend me. And find them sufficient employment.” ~ A. Hale
“….remorseless tyrants of the South that there conditions…..are inhumane and wicked, and we cannot carry them out for the sake of their evil company.” ~ W.L. Garrison
Free Soil philosophy: against slavery and worked against laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such as Ohio.

15. The Abolitionist movement really took off in the 1830s, generating lots of printed propaganda across the North.
Frederick Douglass
Born a slave. Leader in Abolition
William Lloyd Garrison
Published The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (wrote about slaves as individuals)
Called for the end of slavery! Abolition! Freedom!

16. States’ rights
States’ rights refers to the amount of power a state government has in relation to the amount of power held by the federal government in making decisions.
Flashback:
Early in U.S. history, the Articles of Confederation gave the individual states too much power and the nation could not even tax the states for revenue. Once the Constitution was ratified, the nation continued to experience issues that challenged this balance of power. And we still have this struggle today!

17. States Rights
The NORTH felt that the U.S. should function as one union, so political decisions should be made that benefit the entire country.
While the SOUTH felt that state’s rights took priority over a unified central government.

18. States’ Rights Examples
Georgia LOST the Worcester vs Georgia case BUT Georgia refused to release the missionaries or stop pushing for Cherokee removal. This test of states’ rights proved that a state could do as it pleased if there was not a unified attempt by the federal government OR other states to stop them.
Today state’s rights issues include decisions such as:
death penalty
assisted suicide
gay marriage
legalization of marijuana

19. Balancing Act Holds Off War
As of 1819, the United States had twenty two states
11 slave
11 free
This maintained an equal number of senators representing free and slave states in the Senate.
The House of Representatives, there were more from free states than slave states.
Free
Slave

20. Missouri compromise
Missouri wanted to enter the union as a slave state which would change the balance of power to the South (slave states).
Compromise: So Maine is allowed to enter as a free state. PLUS, Congress forbids slavery north of the 36o30’ parallel (which is the southern border of Missouri)
Missouri Compromise serves as band aid solution for almost 30 years, with states being admitted into the Union in free and slave pairings.

22. Nullification Crisis/Tariffs early 1830s
The North supported high tariffs on goods imported from Great Britain. This made items made in the North cheaper than imported ones.
The South opposed this tariff because they bought many manufactured goods and they did not want to pay higher prices.
The Northern states dominated the House of Representatives in the 1830s and voted to renew the tariff. South Carolina threatened to nullify the tariff or even secede from the union.
* Nullification – Legal theory that states have a right to nullify, or invalidate, a law which that state viewed as unconstitutional.

23. Hey Congress, let me take an army into South Carolina, and I will force them to accept the taxes.
We don’t like your crummy tax. Change it or we are seceding this Union!
Just kidding!
Hi I am Andrew Jackson

24. Secession?
Andrew Jackson’s threat to attack South Carolina if they attempted to leave the union worked well enough to keep the state in the fold. (Hey, they saw what Jackson did in the Battle of New Orleans as well as what Jackson did to Spain’s claims of Florida. He was a worthy foe.)

25. Compromise 1850
The Gold Rush increased California’s population, so it applied for statehood as a free state.
There was no slave state available entering the Union to balance the power of free vs slave states.
Compromise:
North
South
-California entered as a Free State
-Fugitive Slave Act- stating that slaves who ran away would be returned to their owners

27. Remembering the Compromises
REMEMBER “M” Compromise for Missouri Compromise
REMEMBER “C” for Compromise of 1850
Only states with a “M,” Maine (free) and Missouri (slave) entered the Union.
California entered the Union - Free

28. Georgia Platform
Georgia Politicians were trying to decide if they would accept the terms of the Compromise of 1850.
This compromise would give FREE states more representation in the Senate and end the balance of power.
Led by Robert Toombs and Alexander Stephens, and with the promise of the Fugitive Slave Act, Georgia passed the Compromise of 1850 leading other southern states to accept the Compromise preventing a civil war for 11 years.

29. Kansas-Nebraska Act Recall--What was the Missouri Compromise?
Where are Kansas and Nebraska located?

30. May 30, 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
Senator Stephen Douglas believed in popular sovereignty, the ability for states to decide for themselves.
Only 4 years after the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed permitting the possibility of slavery being allowed above the 36’ 30’ parallel by allowing the people of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves on the issue of slavery.

31. Final Outcome- Kansas became a free state.
Bleeding Kansas
Kansas was flooded by BOTH pro and anti-slavery supporters who came to the state to vote for or against the institution of slavery. Violence erupted. With all the bloodshed, Kansas became known as “Bleeding Kansas.”
Final Outcome- Kansas became a free state.

32. Supreme Court rules in favor of the Southern States
1857 Dred Scott Case
Supreme Court rules in favor of the Southern States
Dred Scott is a slave taken by his master from the slave state of Missouri to the free states of Illinois and Wisconsin.
Upon his return to Missouri, Scott sues the state based on the belief that his time in the free states made him a free man.
Court rules that slaves and freed blacks are not citizens of the U.S. and do not have the right to sue.

33. Sectionalism
The belief that one’s own section or region’s interests or values are more important than another region’s interests.

34. This widens the gap

35. Election of 1860 The Final Event
Due to the dramatic sectionalism tearing the country apart, four presidential candidates ran for office in 1860.
Due to the issue of slavery, Northern and Southern Democrats elected different candidates.
The Constitutional Union Party’s primary concern was to avoid secession. The Republican Party began in 1854; their primary goal was to prevent the expansion of slavery.

36. Meet the Candidates John Breckenridge Stephen Douglass
Southern Democrat
nominee from Kentucky
Northern Democrat nominee from Illinois

37. Meet the Candidates Abraham Lincoln John Bell
Constitutional Union Party nominee from Tennessee (Avoid secession)
Republican Party nominee from Illinois (primary goal-prevent expansion of slavery)

38. Election of 1860
Northern states favored a Republican candidate that would help to abolish slavery. Southern states favored candidates that supported States’ Rights.
Northern States, California and Oregon supported Lincoln.
Most Southern states supported John C. Breckinridge
Most Border states supported either Stephen Douglas or John Bell

39. Lincoln wins!
Though Abraham Lincoln’s name was not on the ballot in most southern states, he won the election of 1860 with 180 electoral votes.
180 electoral votes & 1,865,908 popular votes
39 electoral votes & 590,901 popular
72 electoral votes & 848,019 popular
12 electoral votes 1,380,202 popular

40. Georgia: Secession Should we stay, or should we go?
A spirited debate on the matter takes place in 1861
Georgia General Assembly debates whether or not the state should join its southern brethren in breaking away from the Union. After three days of debate, Georgia votes to leave the union on January 19, 1861

41. Should I stay or should I go?
Supporter of the Union
Supporters of Secession!
Representatives from the northern counties
small farmers and non-slave holders wanted to stay.
Alexander Stephens gave an eloquent speech AGAINST secession. (89)
Those who had a social and economic stake in the institution of slavery , such as large farmers and slave holders, voted for secession. (208)
Gov. Joseph Brown
Robert Toombs
Secession wins the VOTE!!!! 208 to 89 in favor of seceeding the Union.
Georgia was part of the Confederacy from

42. Alexander Stephens 1832 graduate of U.G.A.
Congressman (He played a major role in assisting in the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act.)
At Georgia’s secession debate, Stephens gave an eloquent speech against Georgia seceding the union.
He was elected the Vice President of the Confederate States of America (CSA)
elected for experience and as a sign of unity based on his unionist past
His weak stature did not allow him military experience, so during the war, he had little to do
After the war, he was imprisoned for five months for treason.
He was elected into U.S. Congress from 1877 – 1882
Elected as governor of Georgia in 1882 but died shortly after.
Alexander Stephens
50th governor of Georgia

43. No slavery above 36/30 latitude
Missouri Compromise
(page 222)
The Compromise of 1850
(page )
Kansas-Nebraska Act
( )
When did it go into effect?
How many free states were there?
How many slave states were there?
How did it help/benefit the North?
How did it help/benefit the South?
1820
1854
1850 11 16 17 11 15 15
Maine enters free
No slavery above 36/30 latitude
California entered as a free state making more free states than slave states
Gave popular sovereignty allowing Kansas to vote to be a “free” state.
Missouri enters as a slave state
The Fugitive Slave Act
Gave popular sovereignty leading to the possibility of slavery about the 36/30 latitude

44. Analyze and explain this chart