1. Review test

2. The chloroplast 1 2 8 3 4 7 6 5

3. Light Independent Reaction
Explain photophosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis.
Explain the light independent reactions
Explain the relationship between the structure of the chloroplast and its functions

4. HAPPENS IN THE THYLAKOID
Photosystems
Photosystem I – Most efficient at 700nm
Photosystem II – Most efficient at 680nm
HAPPENS IN THE THYLAKOID

5. Animation

6. Compare chemiosmosis Respiration chemiosmosis
Photosynthesis chemiosmosis
1. Electron transport chain embedded in the membranes of the _________
2. Energy is released when ________ are carried from one _______ to another.
3. Released energy is used to pump ____ ions into the _______ space `
4. Hydrogen ions come from the ________
5. Hydrogen ions diffuse back into the stroma though channels of _____________.
6. ATP synthase catalyses the PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

7. Compare chemiosmosis Respiration chemiosmosis
Photosynthesis chemiosmosis
Electron transport chain embedded in the membranes of the CRISTAE
1. Electron transport chain embedded in the membranes of the THYLAKOID
2. Energy is released when ELECTRONS are carried from one CARRIER to another.
3. Released energy is used to pump H+ ions into the INNER MEMBRANE space
3. Released energy is used to pump H+ ions into the THYLAKOID SPACE space
`4. Hydrogen ions come from the MATRIX
4. Hydrogen ions come from the STROMA
5. Hydrogen ions diffuse back into the MATRIX though channels of ATP SYNTHASE.
5. Hydrogen ions diffuse back into the stroma though channels of ATP SYNTHASE.
6. ATP synthase catalyses the PHOSPHORYLATION
6. ATP synthase catalyses the PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

8. Comparison of the linght dependent and independent reactions
Construct a table to compare the following aspects:
Where do they occur?
What is used and what is formed?
Summarise the key parts
Does it involve an electron transport chain? Photosystems? Calvin Cycle?

9. Light independent reaction - SL
ATP and hydrogen (carried by NADPH) are products of the light dependent reactions
They are used to fix carbon molecules together (add CO2 to basic carbon compounds)
This allows for the production of more complex organic molecules (e.g. sugars)
These organic molecules can then be stored to use in cellular respiration as required

10. Light spectrum
The visible light spectrum includes many colours, we are going to consider three regions of the spectrum:
Red end of spectrum
Green middle of spectrum
Blue end of spectrum
When struck by a particular wavelength of light substances:
Absorb that wavelength
Reflect that wavelength

11. The light independent reaction

12. Comparison of the linght dependent and independent reactions
Construct a table to compare the following aspects:
Where do they occur?
What is used and what is formed?
Summarise the key parts
Does it involve an electron transport chain? Photosystems? Calvin Cycle?

13. Structure and function of the chloroplast:
Extensive membrane of thylakoid – Greater absorption of light
Small space (lumen) within thylakoids – Allows faster accumulation of protons to create a concentration gradient
Stroma – Allows an area for the enzymes necessary for the Calvin Cycle to work
Double membrane on outside – Isolates the working parts and enzymes of the chloroplast from the surrounding cytosol.

15. Exam Questions
Complete the short answer questions and Question 2 – To build up that ‘bank’ of essay questions.