1. All cars come equipped with simple machines designed to make changing a tire a fairly easy task.

2. Machines Do Work
How do machines make work easier?
A machine is a device that changes a force.
Machines make work easier to do. They change the size of a force needed, the direction of a force, or the distance over which a force acts.

3. Machines Do Work
Increasing Force
Turning the jack handle allows a person to raise the car.

4. Machines Do Work
Each complete rotation of a jack handle applies a small force over a large distance.
A small force exerted over a large distance becomes a large force exerted over a short distance.
Each rotation lifts the car only a very short distance.

5. Machines Do Work
Increasing Distance
Work is done by a rower as he pulls an oar through a small distance. The end of the oar in the water moves through a large distance. The increased travel of the oar through the water requires the rower to exert a greater force.
A machine that decreases the distance through which you exert a force increases the amount of force required.

6. Machines Do Work
Changing Direction
Some machines change the direction of the applied force. Pulling back on the handle of the oar causes its other end to move in the opposite direction.
Machines can change the amount of force and the distance the force acts through as well as the direction of the force.

7. Work Input and Work Output
How are work input and work output related for a machine?
Because of friction, the work done by a machine is always less than the work done on the machine.

8. Work Input and Work Output
The oars of the boat act as machines that increase the distance over which the force acts.
Boat moves in this direction.
Input force
Input distance
Output force
Output distance

9. Work Input and Work Output
Work Input to a Machine
The force exerted on a machine is the input force.
The distance the input force acts through is the input distance.
The work input equals the input force multiplied by the input distance.

10. Work Input and Work Output
For an oar, the input force is the force exerted on the handle, and the input distance is the distance the handle moves.
The work input is the work done to move the handle.

11. Work Input and Work Output
Work Output of a Machine
The force exerted by a machine is called the output force.
The distance the output force is exerted through is the output distance.
The work output of a machine is the output force multiplied by the output distance.

12. Work Input and Work Output
The output work of the oars results from the oars pushing against the water so that the water pushes back against the oars.
Although nearly equal, the output work is less than the input work because of friction. All machines use some amount of input work to overcome friction.

13. Work Input and Work Output
The only way to increase the work output is to increase the amount of work you put into the machine. You cannot get more work out of a machine than you put into it!

14. A nutcracker is a machine that converts the input force applied to it into a larger force capable of cracking a nut.
Because it increases force, the nutcracker has a mechanical advantage greater than 1.

15. Mechanical Advantage
How does the actual mechanical advantage of a machine compare to its ideal mechanical advantage?
The mechanical advantage of a machine is the number of times that the machine increases an input force.
Because friction is always present, the actual mechanical advantage of a machine is always less than the ideal mechanical advantage.

16. Mechanical Advantage
Actual Mechanical Advantage
The mechanical advantage determined by measuring the actual forces acting on a machine is the actual mechanical advantage.
The actual mechanical advantage (AMA) equals the ratio of the output force to the input force.

17. Mechanical Advantage
A loading ramp is a machine used to move heavy items into a truck.
The mechanical advantage of a ramp with a rough surface is less than that of a similar smooth ramp because a greater force is needed to overcome friction.

18. Mechanical Advantage
Ideal Mechanical Advantage
The ideal mechanical advantage (IMA) of a machine is the mechanical advantage in the absence of friction.
Because friction reduces mechanical advantage, engineers often design machines that use low-friction materials and lubricants.

19. Calculating Mechanical Advantage

20. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
The cable supporting the ski lift forms an inclined plane, a type of machine. The inclined plane is used to move people up to the top of the mountain.

21. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
The ski lift uses the inclined plane formed by its supporting cable to more easily move people uphill.
The increased horizontal distance (input distance) is greater than the vertical gain in height (output distance).
The inclined cable gives the gondola a mechanical advantage greater than 1.

22. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
Calculating IMA
A woman drives her car up onto wheel ramps to perform some repairs. If she drives a distance of 1.8 meters along the ramp to raise the car 0.3 meter, what is the ideal mechanical advantage (IMA) of the wheel ramps?

23. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
Read and Understand
What information are you given?

24. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
Plan and Solve
What unknown are you trying to calculate?

25. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
Plan and Solve
What formula contains the given quantities and the unknown?
Replace each variable with its known value and solve.

26. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
1. A student working in a grocery store after school pushes several grocery carts together along a ramp. The ramp is 3 meters long and rises 0.5 meter. What is the ideal mechanical advantage of the ramp?

27. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
1. A student working in a grocery store after school pushes several grocery carts together along a ramp. The ramp is 3 meters long and rises 0.5 meter. What is the ideal mechanical advantage of the ramp? Answer: IMA = Input distance/Output distance
IMA = 3 m/0.5 m = 6

28. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
2. A construction worker moves a crowbar through a distance of 0.50 m to lift a load 0.05 m off of the ground. What is the IMA of the crowbar?

29. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
2. A construction worker moves a crowbar through a distance of 0.50 m to lift a load 0.05 m off of the ground. What is the IMA of the crowbar? Answer: IMA = Input distance/Output distance
IMA = 0.5 m/0.05 m = 10

30. Efficiency
Why is the efficiency of a machine always less than 100 percent?
The percentage of the work input that becomes work output is the efficiency of a machine.
Because there is always some friction, the efficiency of any machine is always less than 100 percent.

31. Efficiency
Efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage.
For example, if the efficiency of a machine is 75 percent, then you know that 75 percent of the work input becomes work output.

32. Efficiency
If a machine requires 10.0 J of work input to operate, then the work output is 75% of
10.0 J.

33. Efficiency
Reducing friction increases the efficiency of a machine.
Roller bearings reduce the friction of the rotating wheels because rolling friction is less than sliding friction.
To further reduce the rolling friction, the roller bearings are also lubricated with grease.