1. Afghanistan Pashtunwali Mujahideen
Identify/explain factors historically leading to instability in Afghanistan
Pashtunwali
Explain US involvement in Afghanistan from 1979-present day
Mujahideen

2. HW for Monday: Audio lesson on blackboard with notes document
Be able to answer:
Explain the relationship between the US and Iran from the 1950s - present
Shah of Iran
Mohammed Mossadeq
Ayatollah Khomeini
Iranian Hostage crisis
Iran-Iraq War
USS Vincennes
Uranium Enrichment

3. Pentagon powerpoint slide

4. Map and Important Data Capital: Kabul
Area: 251,825 sq mi; slightly smaller than Texas
Population: 31,056,997 (July 2006 estimate) 80% Sunni Muslim, 19% Shia Muslim
Main ethnic groups: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek
GDP per capita: purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 estimate)
Over 80% of labor force is employed in agriculture (farming, sheep, goats)
Covered by an estimated 5-7 million landmines
Leading illicit opium producer in 2005 supplying 89% of the opium produced in the world. 1/3 of the GDP comes from opium trade

6. Afghanistan joins railroad era

7. Ethnic Groups Map
Pashtun: largest ethnic group, mostly farmers and Sunni Muslims
Tajik: live mostly in the northeast, second largest ethnic group, mostly Sunni Muslims
Hazara: live in the Hindu Kush mountains, primarily Shiite Muslims
Uzbek: live mostly along the northern border, mostly Sunni Muslims
Aimaqs: a farming and herding tribe in the west, mostly Sunni Muslims
Turkmen and Kirghiz: nomadic herders and craftsmen, mostly Sunni Muslims
Baluch: nomadic tribe living in the southern deserts, Sunni Muslims

9. Typical afghan village

12. pashtunwali Unwritten code, means “way of the Pashtuns”
Over 3000 years old, predates Islam
Has 9 main principles:
Hospitality regardless of race, religion, ect.
Asylum to someone who needs it from their enemies. Person must be protected at all costs
Seek justice or revenge against wrongdoer – whether it is injustice committed today or 1000 years ago. Only way of seeking revenge is through bloodshed.
Bravery – must always defend land, family and women
Loyalty to friends, family, tribe
Righteousness
Trust in god
Respect others, especially those you do not know (golden rule)
Honor of women – at all costs. From vocal or physical harm.

14. History – traditionally a buffer state
RUSSIAN
BRITISH

15. 1933-73: Pro West Ruler Zahir Shah rules Afghanistan. Very stable

20. 1979 – Soviets invade to prop up communist government
Afghan populace in revolt against atheist government
US aids mujahedeen in war against USSR from

23. After soviet withdrawal, civil war follows
Taliban bring order to chaos and war
Take over most of country by 1996

26. US invades 2001
Taliban had provided asylum to Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda (Pashtunwali)
After 9/11, refused to hand him over
Much of Al Qaeda and Taliban escape into mountains along border
Taliban has reasserted power since 2004

28. Since 9/11 – afghanistan Attempted to set up working democracy
Hamid Karzai president of increasingly corrupt govt. from
Taliban begins to reassert self from present
Opium production continues as major issue
US utilized troop surge tactic in closing years of war. Currently no US combat troops

29. Troop levels
2013= ~38,000
At peak in 2011: ~91,000
In 2008 – 35,000

30. International impact
Worldwide potential drug production, 1998–2001 (in metric tons)
Drug
1998
1999
2000
2001
Coca
Total Coca
586,100
613,400
664,200
655,800
    Bolivia
52,900
22,800
26,800
20,200
    Colombia
437,600
521,400
583,000
583,000*
    Peru
95,600
69,200
54,400
52,600
Opium
Total Opium
4,486
4,280
5,010
1,236
    Afghanistan
2,340
2,861
3,656 74
    Pakistan 66 37 11 5
    Subtotal     SW Asia
2,406
2,898
3,667 79
    Burma
1,750
1,090
1,085
865
    Laos
140
210
200
    Thailand 16 6
    Vietnam 20 15
    Subtotal     SE Asia
1,926
1,247
1,316
1,086
    Subtotal     other     countries
154
135 27 71
Cannabis
Total Cannabis
15,800
11,200
14,500
14,900
    Mexico
8,300
3,700
7,000
7,400
4,000
    Other
3,500

31. Afghanistan 2
Living with the Taliban