1. Welcome to the CIW IPv6

2. Lesson 1: IPv6-Introduction and IPv4 comparison
Describe the need for IPv6
Explain the need for IPv6
Compare and contrast the IPv4 and IPv6 headers
Identify removed, revised and new header fields in IPv6

3. The different of internet and Telecommunication
Telecommunication establish the direct physical connection, occupancy
IP net establish the logical connection, not occupancy, is dynamic

4. The need for IPv6 The shortcoming of IPv4
The IPv4 internet has approximately 4 billion unique IP addresses
Creating unmanageable routing tables for the internet ‘s backbone routers

5. History of IPv6
The name initially given to the next version of IP was IP Next Generation or IPng(1992)
Candidate
TCP and UDP over bigger addresses (TUBA) –RFC 1347
CATNIP-RFC 1707
Simple Internet Protocol Plus(SIPP)-RFC 1710
The decision

6. IPv4 vs. IPv6: key differences
IPv4 header
20 bytes in length (without options)
Ten fields of information and a source and destination address
The ten fields account for 12 bytes of 20-byte length

7. DATAGRAM IDENTIFICATION#
Figure-IPv4 header
VER
HDR.LTH
SERVICE
DATADRAM LENGTH
DATAGRAM IDENTIFICATION#
FLAGS
FRAGMENT OFFSET
TTL
PROTOCOL
HEADER CHECKSUM
SOURCE ADDRESS
DESTINATION ADDRESS
OPTIONS

8. IPv6 header The IPv6 header has the following characteristics
40 bytes in length (fixed)
Six fields of information and a source and destination address
The six fields account for 8 bytes of the 40-byte length
Larger than the IPv4 header, but simpler and more compact

9. DESTINATION ADDRESS(128 bits)
Figure-IPv6 header 16 31
VER
CLASS
FLOWLABEL
PAYLOAD LENGTH
NEXT HEADER
HOP LIMIT
SOURCE ADDRESS(128 bits)
DESTINATION ADDRESS(128 bits)

10. IPv4 removed fields IPv6 assigns a fixed format for all IP headers
IPv6 removes the header checksum
IPv6 removes the hop-by-hop segmentation procedure
IPv6 removes the Type of Service field

11. IPv4 removed fields Fixed format for IP headers Header length field
Option field
No header checksum
No hop-by-hop segmentation
Datagram Identification Number field
Flags field
Fragment Offset field
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
No Type of Service field

12. IPv4 revised fields
Datagram Length field is changed to the Payload Length field
Protocol field is changed to the Next Header field
Time To Live (TTL) field is changed to the Hop Limit field

13. IPv6 new fields
Flow Label field
Class field

14. Table: IPv4 to IPv6 header change
Removed IPv4 Fields
Header Length
Options
Checksum
Data Identification Number
Flags
Fragment Offset
Type of Service
Revised IPv4 Fields
Datagram Length->Payload Length
Protocol->Next Header
Time To Live->Hop Limit
New IPv6 Fields
Flow Label
Class

15. Lesson Summary Why use IPv6?
The difference of Telecommunication and IP net
The history of IPv6
The IPv4’s header
IPv6 Compare with IPv4

16. Lesson 2: IPv6 Header and Extension Header
Define each IPv6 header field and its function
Identify IPv6 extension header types
Describe Hop-by-Hop, Destination Option, Routing, and Fragment extension headers
Explain how IPv6 extension header types affect routing performance

17. IPv6 Header In Detail Version (4 bits) Class (8 bits)
Flow Label (20 bits)
Payload Length (16 bits)
Next Header (8 bits)
Hop Limit (8 bits)
Source Address (128 bits)
Destination Address (128 bits)

18. DESTINATION ADDRESS(128 bits)
Figure-IPv6 Header 16 31
VER
CLASS
FLOWLABEL
PAYLOAD LENGTH
NEXT HEADER
HOP LIMIT
SOURCE ADDRESS(128 bits)
DESTINATION ADDRESS(128 bits)

19. IPv6 Extension Headers
One of the objective of IPv6: provide additional options for special-case packets
Do not require a significant amount of additional processing (RFC 2460)
IP header
IP extension headers
Data payload

20. IPv6 Extension Headers Provide several options
Different types of extension headers
Hop-by-Hop
Destination Option
Routing
Fragment extension

21. Hop-by-Hop Extension Header
Used to pass optional information to all nodes along a packet’s delivery path
Method: give the value 0 in the preceding header’s Next Header field.
Three fields
Next Header (8 bits)
Header Extension Length (8 bits)
Options (variable length)
NEXT HEADER
OPTIONS
HDR EXT LENGTH

22. Destination Options extension header
Pass additional parameters to the destination system (not need to be processed )
Method: give the value 60 in the preceding header’s Next Header field.
Three fields
Next Header (8 bits)
Header Extension Length (8 bits)
Options (variable length)
NEXT HEADER
OPTIONS
HDR EXT LENGTH

23. Routing Extension Header
Used to specify routes for a packet
Method: give the value 43 in the preceding header’s Next Header field.
Six fields
Next Header (8 bits)
Header Extension Length (8 bits)
Routing Type (8 bits)
Segments Left (8 bits)
Reserved (32 bits)
Addresses (128 bits)

24. Figure Routing Extension Header16 31
NEXT HEADER
HDR
RESERVED
ADDRESS[1]
ADDRESS[2]

25. Fragment Extension Header
Divide packets that are larger than the MTU
Method: give the value 44 in the preceding header’s Next Header field.
Six fields
Next Header (8 bits)
Reserved (8 bits)
Fragment Offset (13 bits)
RES (2 bits)
M (1 bit)
Identification (32 bits)

26. Figure Fragment extension header
NEXT HEADER
HDR EXT LENGTH
ROUTING TYPE=0
RES M
IDENTIFICATION

27. IPv6 Extension Header Order
The recommended order for extension headers
IPv6 header
Hop-by-Hop extension header
Destination Option extension header (first)
Routing extension header (type 0)
Fragment extension header

28. IPv6 Extension Header Order
Authentication extension header
Encapsulation Security Payload extension header
Destination Options extension header (second)
Upper-layer header (payload)
The different of two Destination Option header

29. Figure How Extension Headers Can Be Daisy-chained
IPv6 Header
Next Header=
TCP
TCP Header
+Data
IPv6 Header
Next Header=
Routing
Routing Header
TCP
TCP Header
+Data
IPv6 Header
Next Header=
Routing
Routing Header
Fragment
Fragment Header
TCP
TCP Header
+Data

30. OS and IPv6 Windows NT and IPv6 Build 1773 and later
IPv6 utilities(ipv6,ping6,tracert6,ttcp)
Linux and IPv6
Version 6.1 uses the kernel does support IPv6
Linux kernel support IPv6

31. Lesson 3:IPv6 Address Architecture
IPv4 addresses vs IPv6 addresses
IPv6 address abbreviation
Address types
IPv6 address assignments
Aggregatable global unicast address
Special unicast address
Multicast addresses
Fixed length vs. variable length

32. IPv6 Addresses vs. IPv4 Addresses
Length
IPv6:128 bits in length,divided into eight 16-bit integers
IPv4:32 bits in length, divided into four 8-bit integers
Notation
IPv6:expressed in colon notation
IPv4:expressed in period notation

33. IPv6 Address vs. IPv4 Address
Number system
IPv6 addresses are expressed in hexadecimal form,such as A342:0000:0000:0000:0000:123F:0000:0034:EA3D
IPv4 addresses are expressed in decimal form,such as

34. IPv6 Address Abbreviation
Drop all leading zeros,for example:
00A3=A3
A342:0000:0000:123F:…=A342:0:0:123F:…
Double-colon convention
Include a double colon in place of null integers
Several continuous null integers can be abbreviated as a double colon
Don’t use the double colon twice in one address
Expanding IPv6 addresses

35. IPv6 Address Type Unicast
New name for the point-to-point address in IPv4
Considered be a one-to-one communication
Multicast
Used to reference a group of systems by a single IP address
A multicast address is a one-to-many communication

36. IPv6 Address Type Anycast
Similar to multicast and considered as a simplified multicast
Difference between multicast and anycast
Anycasting is currently in the experimental stage

37. IPv6 Address Assignments
IPv6 address prefixes
Address Prefix(binary)
Definition
Reserved
Reserved for NSAP
Reserved for IPX
001
Aggregatable Global Unicast addresses
100
Reserved for Geographic- based Unicast address
Link –local addresses
Site-local addresses
Multicast addresses

38. IPv6 Address Assignments
Aggregatable Global Unicast address
The numeric identify of prefixes length,suuc as:
FE80:0000:0000:0E0F:EFFF:FE87:0000/10
Several addresses associated with a system

39. Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses
Address format
Prefix TLA NLA SLA Host Address
Starting binary value
Top-Level Aggregator(TLA)
Next-Level Aggregator(NLA)
Site-Level Aggregator(SLA)
Host address 1
13 bits
32 bits
16 bits
64 bits

40. Special Unicast Address
IPv4-based
IPv4-to-IPv6 transition
For example, translates to the IPv6 address ::
Loopback
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1
Unspecified
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::

41. Special Unicast Address
Site local
Prefix(10 bits) SLA Host Address
Link local
Prefix(10 bits) Host Address
38 bits=0
16 bits
64 bits
54 bits=0
64 bits

42. Multiple Address Multicast address format Flags
Prefix(8 bits) Flags Scope Group Identifier
Flags
Used for transient address
Released after the session ends
Scope
Maintain a proper scope for a multicast group
4 bits
112 bits

43. Multiple Address Group Identifier Address Group Identifier
FF0X:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Reserved
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
All nodes address
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2
All routes address
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:6
OSPF designated routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:7
ST routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:8
ST hosts
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:B
Mobile agents
FF0X:0:0:0:0:0:0:108
Sun NIS+information service
FF0X:0:0:0:0:0:0:10C
IETF-1-VIDEO
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1:1
Link name
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1:2
All DHCP agents
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1:3
All DHCP servers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1:4
All DHCP relays

44. Fixed Length vs. Variable Length
Good revisability in IPv6
IPv6 growth flexibility
For example:China and Republic of the Marshare Islands(RMI)

45. Welcome to the CIW IPv6

46. Lesson 4:IPv6 Routing and Security
Why?
Simple Routing
Aggregatable Routing Hierarchy
Multicast Routing
IPv6 Routing Protocol
IPv6 Security

47. Why
Using TLA instead of CIDR

48. Aggregatable Routing Hierarchy
The concept of a hierarchical database of aggregatable routes
TLA
NLA
SLA
Hosts

49. Aggregatable Routing Hierarchy
Smaller routing tables
Compare with DNS
For example,suppose there a SLA router
SLA IPv6 prefix:2FE2:21:EE00:AC1::/64
NLA IPv6 prefix:2FE2:21:EE00::/48
TLA IPv6 prefix:2FE2:21::/16
forward
forward

50. MAXIMUM RESPONSE DELAY MULTIPLE ADDRESS(128 bits)
Multicast Routing
Group Membership Query(type 130)
Group Membership Report(type131)
Group Membership Reduction(type 132)
Message format 88
168
318
TYPE
CODE
CHECKSUM
MAXIMUM RESPONSE DELAY
UNUSED
MULTIPLE ADDRESS(128 bits)

51. IPv6 Routing Protocol RFC 2283 and IPv6 BGP BGPv4 to IDRP
Updating interior routing protocols to work IPv6
Open Shortest Path First(OSPF)
Routing Information Protocol(RIP)

52. SECURITY PARAMETERS INDEX(SPI)
IPv6 Security
Two basic types of security
Authentication
Confidentiality
IPv6 authentication
MD5 authentication
Authentication extension header 16 31
NEXT HEADER
PAYLOAD LENGTH
RESERVED
SECURITY PARAMETERS INDEX(SPI)
SEQUENCE NUMBER FIELD
AUTHENTICATION DATA

53. ENCRYPTED DATA AND PARAMETERS
IPv6 Security
IPv6 confidentiality
Typical Encrypted Security Payload(ESP) extension header
IPv6 HEADER
EXTENSION HEADERS
ESP HEADER
ENCRYPTED DATA
AUTH DATA
UNENCRYPTED
ENCRYPTED 8 16 32
32—BIT SPI
32—BIT SEQUENCE NUMBER
ENCRYPTED DATA AND PARAMETERS
AUTHENTICATION DATA

54. INITIALIZATION VECTOR(IV)
IPv6 Security
Cipher Block Chaining mode of the Data Encryption Standard(DES-CBC) 8 16 32
32—BIT SPI
32—BIT SEQUENCE NUMBER
INITIALIZATION VECTOR(IV)
PAYLOAD DATA
PADDING
PADDING LNTH
PAYLOAD TYPE

55. Welcome to the CIW IPv6

56. Lesson 5:Reduced Network Management with IPv6
Why?
Neighbor Discovery(ND) Protocol
Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6(ICMPv6)
Plug-and-Play Autoconfiguration
Address Resolution

57. Neighbor Discovery(ND) Protocol
Defined in RFC 2461
Tasks of ND
Allowing hosts to find routers
Enabling nodes to determine one another’s link layeraddress
Enabling nodes to discover the existence of other nodes
Enabling nodes to maintain reachability information
Providing nodes to active neighbors

58. Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6(ICMPv6)
ICMPv4 to ICMPv6
Streamlined protocol
IGMP inclusion
Extended formats
ICMPv6 header 8 16 31
TYPE
CODE
CHECKSUM
MESSAGE
(CONTENTS DEPEND ON MESSAGE TYPE
AND CODE)

59. Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6(ICMPv6)
ICMPv6 messages
ICMP Message Types
Added to ICMPv6
Packet Too Big
Group Membership Query
Group Membership Report
Group Membership Reduction
Router Solicitation
Router Advertisement
Neighbor Solicitation
Neighbor Advertisement
Removed from ICMPv6
Source Quench
Timestamp Request/Timestamp Reply
Information Request/Information Reply
Subnet Mask Request/Subnet Mask Reply

60. Plug-and-Play Autoconfiguration
Stateless autoconfiguration
Router Solicitation message header 8 16 32
TYPE
CODE
CHECKSUM
RESERVED
OPTIONS

61. Plug-and-Play Autoconfiguration
Router Advertisement message header
Advantages and disadvantages of stateless autoconfiguration 8 16 32
TYPE
CODE
CHECKSUM
MAX HOP LIMIT M O
RESERVED
ROUTE LIFETIME
REACHABLE TIME
RETRANSMIT TIME
OPTIONS

62. Plug-and-Play Autoconfiguration
Stateful configuration
Additional configuration for the requesting systems
Basic authentication to determine which systems can receive configuration data
Requires a server
Requires an administrator

63. Address Resolution Overview Neighbor Solicitation message header TYPE8 16 32
TYPE
CODE
CHECKSUM
RESERVED
TARGET ADDRESS(128 bits)
OPTIONS

64. Address Resolution Neighbor Advertisement message header TYPE CODE8 16 32
TYPE
CODE
CHECKSUM R S O
RESERVED
TARGET ADDRESS(128 bits)
OPTIONS

65. Welcome to the CIW IPv6

66. Lesson 6:Transitioning to IPv6
Why?
Simple Internet Trasition(SIT) Mechanisms
Dual IP Stacks
IPv4 Address Compatibility
IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunneling :The 6Bone

67. Why?

68. Simple Internet Transition(SIT) Mechanisms
SIT features
Low cost
Simple address transition
Few prerequisites
No upgrade schedule
SIT mechanisms
Dual IP stacks
IPv4 address compatibility
IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling

69. Dual IP Stacks Dual IP stack support Upgrades to IPv6 hosts
Upgrades to IPv6 routers
IPv6 name service
IPv4 address with a host record or “A” record
Using “AAAA” record as IPv6 records

70. IPv4 Address Compatibility
32 bits
0:0:0:0:0:0
96 bits
32 bits

71. IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunneling:The 6Bone
Tunneling process
IPv6 HEADER
PAYLOAD
IPv6 Packet
IPv4 HEADER
IPv6 HEADER
PAYLOAD
IPv6-in-IPv4 Packet

72. IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunneling:The 6Bone
Connecting to the 6Bone
Isolated IPv6 Host
Tunnel
Dual-Stack Router
IPv6 Host
6Bone Island
IPv6 Host