1. Updates on Apple Insect Management
Rick Weinzierl
Weinzierl Fruit and Consulting, LLC
February2017

2. Key Topics Changes in insecticide registrations and labels
Updates on major established and invasive pests, with seasonal pest management recommendations

3. Changes in Insecticide Recommendations
Cancellations, etc.
Belt for Lepidopteran control
Calypso for Lepidopteran control
Renounce (a.i. cyfluthrin still available as Baythroid)
Additions
Sivanto … a neonicotinoid rated “Good” against rosy apple aphid and “green” aphids in apples.
Pending
Harvanta … registration slated for spring
For control of plum curculio and Leps in apples and peaches
Same mode of action as Altacor and Exirel
Fairly low toxicity to bees (important for small fruit uses for spotted wing Drosophila control)

4. Page 35 of the 2017 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide …

5. Apple Miticide Efficacy: Page 35 of the 2017 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide …

6. Page 135-137 of the 2017 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide …

7. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (and other stink bugs)
Halyomorpha halys
Introduced (NOT intentionally) from Asia, first detected in Allentown, PA, in 1998
Some crop damage in IL in and 2016
Overwinters as an adult, aggregates in large numbers in homes and other shelters
Expect 2 generations per year in IL

8. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Feeds on a variety of host plants
Ornamental shrubs (butterfly bush, viburnum, rose)
Ornamental trees (crabapple, walnut, maple, redbud)
Vegetables (sweet corn, tomato, green bean, asparagus, pepper)
Fruits (pear, pear, apple, cherry, grape, raspberry)
Agronomic crops (soybean, corn)
Highly mobile and easily switches hosts
Like other stink bugs, BMSB sucks plant juices with its beak causing plant injury
Severe damage to apples, peaches, tomatoes, sweet corn, many other crops
Many noncrop hosts serve as reservoirs for population buildup
Very difficult to control … insecticide efficacy summarized later

9. From Rutgers and MSU Research …
Activity begins mid-April to early May … maybe earlier.
DD model starts with 13.5 hour day length
April 19 at Chicago, April 21 at Urbana, April 23 at St. Louis
Threshold = 1 in orchard … visual and beat samples
Most active at tops of trees, may be easier to sample on cloudy days
Nymphs most active at night
Pyramid traps baited with BMSB lures from AlphaScents or Trecé may aid detection

11. Managing Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Michigan Orchards. (Wilson et al. 2016)
Rated as excellent for BMSB control in peaches …
Actara (14), Danitol (3), Endigo (14), Lannate (4), Leverage (7), Pounce (14), Scorpion (3), Warrior (14)
Rated as excellent for BMSB control in apples …
Actara (14), Danitol (14), Endigo (35), Lannate (14), Leverage (7), Warrior (21)
In both crops, Belay is rated as good … it is less likely to trigger mite outbreaks in apples. 7-day PHI in apples, 21-day PHI in peach)

12. Life histories of apple insects … what stage overwinters
Life histories of apple insects … what stage overwinters? How many generations per year?
Insect or Mite
Overwintering Stage
Generations per Year
European red mite
Eggs on limbs
8 or more
San Jose Scale
Immatures under scales on limbs 2
Stink bugs / Plant bugs
Adults in ground cover, woods
2 or more
Plum curculio
1 (2 in southern states)
Oriental Fruit Moth
Mature larvae in cocoons on trees
3-5
Codling moth
Mature larvae on trunks and branches
2-3
Dogwood borer
Larvae in tunnels in burr knots 1

13. Life histories … when do infestations occur?
Insect or Mite
Timing of infestations
European red mite
Egg hatch begins around pink; numbers build over generations; thrive in hot, dry weather
San Jose Scale
First generation mating occurs around bloom; crawlers start new infestations a few weeks later, around third cover. Second generation follows
Stink bugs / Plant bugs
Adults become active as temps exceed 60 F
Plum curculio
Adults become active around bloom; lay eggs into fruit shortly after petal fall
Oriental Fruit Moth
First generation moth flight begins shortly before bloom; larvae hatch and tunnel into shoots; subsequent generations tunnel into fruit or shoots through fall
Codling moth
First generation moth flight begins at bloom to petal fall; larvae of this and generations 2 and 3 tunnel into fruit
Dogwood borer
Adults emerge May through September; larvae tunnel into burr knots

14. Time of occurrence … by DDs
Insect or Mite
Base
(oF)
Timing of infestations
European red mite 50
Egg hatch begins at DD after January 1 (pink); DD/generation
San Jose Scale 51
Peak flight DD after January 1; 1050 DD/generation
Brown marmorated stink bug
BMSB adults become active 360 DD after January 1; 686 DD per generation
Plum curculio
Egg-laying into fruit ENDS 308 DD after petal fall
Oriental Fruit Moth 45
First flight begins ~230 DD after January 1; ~965 DD/generation
Codling moth
First flight begins ~250 DD after January 1 (bloom to petal fall); ~1100 DD/generation
Dogwood borer
Variable. Hang traps by petal fall; expect first flight DD after January 1; flight continues through September

15. Prebloom in apples… Oils at green tip to pink suffocate insect stages that are coated with spray
Dormant oil / superior oil at 2 percent by volume early, decreasing to 0.5 to 1 percent by volume at pink
Controls San Jose scale, European red mite eggs, and rosy apple aphid eggs
Successive applications of oil in this period improve control
Not harmful to beneficials at this time. No cross-resistance or resistance management issues
May add Lorsban to improve scale and aphid control, but oil alone is very effective … do NOT push Lorsban application too close to bloom to avoid bee kill
May add Esteem for increased scale control, but later application against crawlers is also effective
Timing by DDs … before 250 DD (base 51F) starting January 1 (before SJS adults are mature and males leave the scales to mate with females) … you will do that anyway if the sprays are applied before bloom

16. San Jose Scale
Immature stages overwinter under covering. Males fly to females and mate around bloom; females give birth to live nymphs under the protective cover of the scale. Crawlers become active a few weeks later. Superior oil prebloom, with or without Lorsban or Esteem. Centaur, Esteem, Movento, Diazinon, or Assail against crawlers (~3rd cover after petal fall)

17. Controlling San Jose scale crawlers in apples
Insecticide
Effectiveness
PHI
Admire Pro F 7
Assail
Belay G
Centaur E 14
Diazinon 21
Esteem 45
Movento

18. Timing control of San Jose scale crawlers
These DD accumulations start with “biofix” (= capture of males in traps). That occurs at roughly the same time as codling moth biofix, so …
When the traps begin to catch males consistently, start accumulating degree-days using a 51°F lower threshold and a 90°F upper threshold. If it is needed, apply a treatment for crawlers around DD after you catch the first SJS males (OR around DD after the local codling moth biofix date OR ~ DD starting January 1). Be aware that SJS traps may fail to catch any adults if weather is cold, rainy, or windy. Total generation time for San Jose scale is 1050 DD.

19. Plum Curculio
Assail, Avaunt, and Imidan are products of choice for PC control at petal fall (and sometimes first cover) but not very effective against stink bugs and plant bugs; avoid pyrethroids in apples because they trigger mite outbreaks.

20. Degree-days and plum curculio?
You made a petal fall and maybe a first cover spray with insecticides effective against plum curculio
It has only been a few days since that spray, and inches of rain falls
You have to reapply an insecticide if there is insect pressure (codling moth)
Does your next application still have to control plum curculio, or has its egg-laying period ended?
By 308 degree-days after petal fall in apples (75%) of blossoms have dropped), plum curculio egg- laying has ended.

21. First Generation Codling Moth Management
Mature larvae overwinter in hibernacula on trunks and limbs
First flight begins at about 250 DD after January 1
Use traps baited with CML2 lures replaced on 8-week intervals to determine the start of consistent flight (= biofix)
Egg hatch begins ~240 DD (base 50F) after biofix
Insecticides that kill eggs should be applied by ~100 DD after biofix; Rimon falls in this category
Insecticides that kill larvae before they enter fruit should be applied by 240 DD after biofix; these include Altacor, Assail, and Delegate
2 or more successive applications are required to span first generation … retreat at 14-day intervals or after rainfall

23. 2nd and 3rd Generation Codling Moth Management
Use first generation biofix date and time sprays at
1340 DD and 1525 DD after first generation biofix to control 2nd generation larvae
2440 DD and 2625 DD after first generation biofix to control 3rd generation larvae
OR, better …
Continue to use traps baited with CML2 lures, and whenever traps are catching an average of 3-5 moths per week or more, plan to have a cover spray on the fruit when eggs are hatching 240 DD later
Rotation? Use one insecticide for first generation, a different one (in a different IRAC group) for second generation, and yet a different one for third generation
Obey PHI restrictions

24. Dogwood Borer Hang traps 4 feet above the ground!
Hang traps by petal fall; expect first flight DD after January 1; flight continues through September.
Hang traps 4 feet above the ground!
Moth emergence continues over most of the season.
Insecticide applications are most effective if applied at first to peak egg hatch; first egg hatch is typically 7-10 days after the first moths are caught in traps, For southern Illinois, peak egg hatch usually occurs by mid-June.
Use Lorsban Advanced, Lorsban 50W, or Lorsban 4E. Apply to trunk and lower branches but DO NOT apply to fruit or foliage. One application per year, 28-day PHI.
Tree guards … provide habitat very conducive to dogwood borers’ survival and damage

25. Pre-harvest Interval (Days)
European red mite outbreaks will be likely if pyrethroids are used for BMSB control
Miticide
IRAC Code
Pre-harvest Interval (Days)
Acramite Un 7
Agri-Mek 6 28
Apollo
10A 45
Envidor 23
Kanemite
20B 14
Nealta 25
Nexter
21A
Onager / Savey
Portal
Zeal
10B

26. Leafhoppers … Potato Leafhopper
Migrate into the Midwest from southern states in late May and early June
Adults and nymphs feed on foliage and inject a salivary toxin through their feeding stylets … toxin causes hopper burn (to apples, redbuds, potatoes, green beans, and other crops)
Imidan or Assail used for plum curculio, codling moth, OFM, or other primary targets are effective if timing is right
Actara, Belay, Lannate, Portal, Agri-Mek, and Centaur also are effective
Altacor, Delegate, and Rimon do not prevent damage

27. Woolly Apple Aphid Colonies winter on roots
Aphids move up and down trunks from spring through fall
Illinois growers have used Lorsban at early pink … effective as residue on bark for a few weeks
On November 6, 2015, the US EPA proposed a new rule to revoke all chlorpyrifos tolerances.
Comment period ended January 5, 2016, was reopened and closed again later in 2016 … still no final regulatory change

28. Woolly Apple Aphid David Biddinger, Penn State University:
Problems may be related in part to reductions in natural enemies where Rimon or Delegate is used
Insecticide choices:
Lorsban by ½-inch green in delayed dormant sprays
Diazinon when aphids first noticed above-ground
Movento – must include a penetrant … postbloom only
Admire Pro … postbloom only
Especially susceptible varieties include Fuji, Rome, Greening, York, and Ginger Gold

29. Multi-year overview (CM resistance to OPs, etc.; no apple maggot):
Timing, Target
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Pre-bloom (scale, mites, aphids)
1-2% oil by volume; add Esteem if San Jose scale was a problem the previous year, add Lorsban for woolly apple aphid
Petal Fall (+ first cover?) – plum curculio
Imidan, Assail, or Avaunt
2nd – 4th Covers – 1st gen codling moth
Altacor
Rimon
Delegate
5th – 7th Covers – 2nd gen codling moth
Assail
8th - ? Covers – 3rd gen codling moth + late OFM
Sprays to control Japanese beetles or stink bugs
Assail or Sevin or Imidan against JB. Use Actara or Belay against stink bugs (or a pyrethroid such as Danitol or Warrior or mixture such as Leverage … but these will flare red mite infestations)

30. References, resources Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News
2017 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide
fg_sprayguide.aspx
Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News
Purdue’s Facts for Fancy Fruit
Great Lakes IPM