1. From: http://www.w3schools.com/sql
SQL
From:

2. SQL It is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases
MySQL, SQL Server, Access, Oracle, Sybase, DB2, and others
SQL stands for Structured Query Language
SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
There are many variations and different systems have their own extensions
But the major commands are same

3. SQL SQL include The query and update commands for DML
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Data Definition Language (DDL)
The query and update commands for DML
SELECT: extracts data from a database
UPDATE: updates data in a database
DELETE: deletes data from a database
INSERT INTO: insert new data into a database
DDL: permits database tables to be created or deleted, define indexes (keys), impose constraints between tables. Some important statements:
CREATE DATABASE: creates a new database
ALTER DATABASE: modifies a database
CREATE TABLE: creates a new table
ALTER TABLE: modifies a table
DROP TABLE: deletes a table
CREATE INDEX: creates an index
DROP INDEX: deletes an index

4. MySQL Serve at SOIC
First, please login to IU VPN Groups if you are outside of IU (
Then, go to SOIC MySQL Server via phpAdmin ( Login using your username and password

5. SOIC MySQL PhPAdmin

6. SOIC MySQL phpAdmin

7. Create Persons Table Persons Table P_Id LastName FirstName Address
City 1
Hansen
Ola
Timoteivn 10
Sandnes 2
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23 3
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
CREATE SCHEMA test;
PostgreSQL
CREATE DATABASE test;
MySQL
CREATE TABLE persons (
P_Id INT,
LastName VARCHAR(25),
FirstName VARCHAR(25),
Address VARCHAR(25),
City VARCHAR(15),
PRIMARY KEY (P_Id) );
INSERT INTO persons VALUES (1, 'Hansen', 'Ola', 'Timoteivn10', 'Sandnes');
INSERT INTO persons VALUES (2, 'Svendson', 'Tove', 'Borgvn23','Sandnes');
INSERT INTO persons VALUES (3, 'Pettersen', 'Kari', 'Storgt20', 'Stavanger');
PostgreSQL/MySQL

10. SQL Basic

11. SELECT SELECT is used to select data from a database
The result is stored in a result table, called the result-set
SQL is not case sensitive
SELECT syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name;
SELECT * FROM table_name;

12. SELECT Persons Table P_Id LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Ola
Timoteivn 10
Sandnes 2
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23 3
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM persons;
SELECT *FROM persons;

13. SELECT DISTINCT SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table_name;
SELECT DISTINCT city FROM persons;

14. WHERE clause SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;
SELECT * FROM persons
WHERE city='Sandnes';

15. WHERE Clause
Text values should be quoted by single quotes or double quotes
Numeric values do not need to be enclosed in quotes
SELECT * FROM persons
WHERE city='Sandnes'; Or
WHERE P_Id=1;
SELECT * FROM persons
WHERE city='Sandnes'; Or
WHERE city="Sandnes";
WHERE P_Id=1;
PostgreSQL
MySQL
Double quotes are not used for text values in PostgreSQL

16. WHERE Clause Description Operator Equal = Not equal <>
Greater than
<
Less than
>=
Greater than or equal
<=
Less than or equal
BETWEEN
Between an inclusive range
LIKE
Search for a pattern IN
If you know the exact value you want to return for at least one of the columns

17. AND or OR
AND, OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition
AND=both the first and the second conditions is true
OR=either the first or the second condition is true

18. AND or OR SELECT * FROM persons
WHERE firstname='Tove' AND lastname='Svendson';
SELECT * FROM persons
WHERE firstname='Tove' OR firstname='Ola';
SELECT * FROM persons
WHERE lastname='Svendson' AND (firstname='Tove' OR firstname='Ola');

19. ORDER BY
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by a specified column
It sorts the records in ascending order by default
Use DESC for a descending order
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC;

20. ORDER BY
INSERT INTO persons VALUES (4, 'Nilsen', 'Tom', 'Vingvn23', 'Stavanger');
SELECT * FROM persons
ORDER BY lastname;
SELECT * FROM persons
ORDER BY lastname DESC;

21. INSERT INTO Use to insert new records in a table
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,…);
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, …
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,…);
INSERT INTO persons VALUES (4, 'Nilsen', 'Tom', 'Vingvn23', 'Stavanger');
INSERT INTO persons (P_Id, lastname, firstname)
VALUES (5, 'Tjessem', 'Jakob');

22. UPDATE Update records in a table UPDATE table_name
SET column=value, column2=value2,…
WHERE some_column=some_value;
UPDATE persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', city='Sandnes'
WHERE lastname='Tjessem' AND firstname='Jakob';
Warning: if you forget to add WHERE clause, all the address and city will be set to ‘Nissestien 67’ and ‘Sandnes’.

23. DELETE statement Used to delete records in a table
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value;
DELETE FROM persons
WHERE lastname='Tjessem' AND firstname='Jakob';
DELETE FROM table_name; Or
DELETE * FROM table_name;

24. SQL Advanced

25. LIMIT clause Used to specify the number of records to return
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
LIMIT number;
SELECT * FROM persons LIMIT 2;
Oracle, SQL Server: Top number|percent (e.g., Top 2, or Top 50 PERCENT
Oracle: ROWNUM<=number (e.g., ROWNUM<=5)

26. LIKE operator
Used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;
SELECT * FROM persons WHERE city LIKE 'S%';
%: define wildcards (missing letters) both before and after the pattern
SELECT * FROM persons WHERE city LIKE '%s';

27. SQL Wildcards
SQL Wildcards can substitute for one or more characters when searching for data in a database
SQL wildcards must be used with the SQL LIKE operator
Wildcard
Description %
A substitute for zero or more characters _
A substitute for exactly one character

28. SQL Wildcards SELECT * FROM persons WHERE city LIKE 'Sa%';
SELECT * FROM persons WHERE city LIKE '%nes%';
SELECT * FROM persons WHERE firstname LIKE '_la';
SELECT * FROM persons WHERE lastname LIKE 'S_end_on';

29. IN operator To specify multiple values in a WHERE clause
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2,…)
SELECT * FROM persons
WHERE lastname IN ('Hansen', 'Pettersen')

30. BETWEEN operator
Used in a WHERE clause to select a range of data between two values
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value 2;
SELECT * FROM persons
WHERE lastname BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen';
Warning: different database systems have different ways of processing BETWEEN operator
SELECT * FROM persons
WHERE lastname NOT BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen';

31. Alias An alias name can be given to a table or a column
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name AS alias_name; Or
SELECT column_name AS alias_name
FROM table_name;
SELECT po.OrderID, p.LastName, p.FirstName
FROM persons AS p, Product_Orders AS po
WHERE p.LastName='Hansen' AND p.FirstNam='Ola';
Without alias
SELECT Product_Orders.OrderID, persons.LastName, persons.FirstName
FROM persons, Product_Orders
WHERE persons.LastName= 'Hansen' AND persons.FirstName= 'Ola';

32. JOIN Used to query data from two or more tables
JOIN: return rows when there is at least one match in both tables
LEFT JOIN: return all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right table
RIGHT JOIN: return all rows from the right table, even if there are no matches in the left table
FULL JOIN: return rows where there is a match in one of the tables

33. JOIN
O_Id
OrderNo
P_Id 1
77895 3 2
44678
22456 4
24562 5
34764 15
CREATE SCHEMA test;
PostgreSQL
CREATE TABLE test;
MySQL
CREATE TABLE orders (
O_Id INT,
OrderNO INT,
P_Id INT,
PRIMARY KEY (O_Id) );
INSERT INTO orders VALUES (1, 77895, 3);
INSERT INTO orders VALUES (2, 44678, 3);
INSERT INTO orders VALUES (3, 22456, 1);
INSERT INTO orders VALUES (4, 24562, 1);
INSERT INTO orders VALUES (5, 34764, 15);
PostgreSQL/MySQL
Same as INNER JOIN

34. INNER JOIN SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1 INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name;
SELECT persons.lastname, persons.firstname, orders.orderNo
From persons INNER JOIN orders
ON persons.P_Id=orders.P_Id
ORDER BY persons.Lastname;
The INNER JOIN keyword returns rows where there is at least one match in both tables. If there are rows in Persons that do not have matches in Orders, those rows will NOT be listed.

35. LEFT JOIN
Returns all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right table
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1 LEFT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name;
In some databases, LEFT JOIN is called LEFT OUTER JOIN
SELECT persons.lastname, persons.firstname, orders.orderno
FROM persons LEFT JOIN orders
ON persons.P_Id=orders.P_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;

36. RIGHT JOIN SELECT column_name(s)
Returns all rows from the right table (table 2), even if there are no matches in the left table (table 1)
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1 RIGHT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name;
In some databases, RIGHT JOIN is called RIGHT OUTER JOIN
SELECT persons.lastname, persons.firstname, orders.orderno
FROM persons RIGHT JOIN orders
ON persons.P_Id=orders.P_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;

37. FULL JOIN Return rows when there is a match in one of the tables
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1 FULL JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name;
FULL JOIN is not supported by MySQL.
FULL JOIN = LEFT JOIN UNION
RIGHT JOIN
SELECT persons.lastname, persons.firstname, orders.orderno
FROM persons FULL JOIN orders
ON persons.P_Id=orders.P_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;
SELECT persons.lastname, persons.firstname, orders.orderno
FROM persons LEFT JOIN orders
ON persons.P_Id=orders.P_Id
UNION
FROM persons RIGHT JOIN orders

38. UNION operator Combines two or more SELECT statements
Each SELECT statement must have the same columns (same name, same data types, in the same order)
UNION selects only distinct values by default. To allow duplicate values, use UNION ALL.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2;
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2;
SELECT P_Id FROM persons
UNION
SELECT P_Id FROM orders;

39. CREATE DATABASE Used to create a database
CREATE DATABASE database_name;
CREATE SCHEMA my_db;

40. CREATE TABLE Used to create a table within a database
CREATE TABLE table_name
(column_name1 data_type,
column_name2 data_type,
column_name3 data_type,
….);
CREATE TABLE persons (
P_Id INT,
LastName VARCHAR(25),
FirstName VARCHAR(25),
Address VARCHAR(25),
City VARCHAR(15),
PRIMARY KEY (P_Id) );

41. Constraints NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY CHECK DEFAULT
Used to limit the type of data that can go into a table
Can be specified when a table is created (with the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the table is created (with the ALTER TABLE statement)
Type of constraints:
NOT NULL
UNIQUE
PRIMARY KEY
FOREIGN KEY
CHECK
DEFAULT

42. NOT NULL Enforce a column to not accept NULL values
CREATE TABLE Persons (
P_Id INT NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255) );

43. UNIQUE Uniquely identifies each record in a database table
UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY both provide a guarantee for uniqueness for a column or set of columns
A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint defined on it.

44. UNIQUE CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id INT NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
UNIQUE (P_Id) );
CREATE TABLE Persons (
P_Id INT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255) );
MySQL
SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access
CREATE TABLE Persons (
P_Id INT NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
CONSTRAINT uc_PersonID UNIQUE (P_Id, LastName) );
MySQL/SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access

45. UNIQUE
When Persons table has already been created, use Alter to add new constraints.
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD UNIQUE (P_Id)
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD CONSTRAINT un_PersonID UNIQUE (P_Id, LastName)
To drop a UNIQUE constraint
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP INDEX un_PersonID
MySQL
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT un_PersonID
SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access

46. PRIMARY KEY Each table should have one and only one primary key
Primary key should be unique and does not contain NULL values
CREATE TABLE Persons (
P_Id INT NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
PRIMARY KEY (P_Id) );
CREATE TABLE Persons (
P_Id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255) );
SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access
MySQL
CREATE TABLE Persons
( P_Id INT NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id, LastName) );
MySQL/SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access

47. PRIMARY KEY
When Persons table has already been created, use Alter to add new constraints.
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD PRIMARY KEY (P_Id)
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD CONSTRAINT un_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id, LastName)
To drop a constraint
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP PRIMARY KEY
MySQL
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID
SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access

48. FOREIGN KEY CREATE TABLE Orders ( O_Id INT NOT NULL,
A foreign key in one table points to a primary key in another table
The foreign key constraint prevents invalid data from being inserted into the foreign key column because it has to be one of the values contained in the table it points to.
CREATE TABLE Orders (
O_Id INT NOT NULL,
OrderNo INT NOT NULL,
P_Id INT,
PRIMARY KEY (O_Id),
FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons (P_Id) );
CREATE TABLE Orders (
O_Id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
OrderNo INT NOT NULL,
P_Id INT FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Persons(P_Id) );
SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access
MySQL
CREATE TABLE Orders
( O_Id INT NOT NULL,
OrderNo INT NOT NULL,
P_Id INT,
PRIMARY KEY (O_Id),
CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons (P_Id));
MySQL/SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access

49. FOREIGN KEY
When Orders table has already been created, use Alter to add new constraints.
ALTER TABLE Orders
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders
FOREIGN KEY (P_Id)
REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
ALTER TABLE Orders
ADD FOREIGN KEY (P_Id)
REFERENCES Persons (P_Id)
To drop a constraint
MySQL
ALTER TABLE Orders
DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_PerOrders
ALTER TABLE Orders
DROP CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders
SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access

50. CHECK Constraint Used to limit the value range of a column
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255), CHECK (P_Id>0) )
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL CHECK (P_Id>0), LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )
SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access
MySQL
CREATE TABLE Persons (P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255), CONSTRAINT chk_Person CHECK (P_Id>0 AND City='Sandnes‘));
MySQL/SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access

51. CHECK Constraint
When a table has already been created, use Alter to add new constraints.
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD CONSTRAINT chk_Person
CHECK (P_Id>0 AND City=‘Sandnes’)
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD CHECK (P_Id>0)
To drop a constraint
SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT chk_Person

52. DEFAULT Constraint Used to insert a default value into a column
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'Sandnes' )
CREATE TABLE Orders ( O_Id int NOT NULL, OrderNo int NOT NULL, P_Id int, OrderDate date DEFAULT GETDATE() )
MySQL/SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access
MySQL/SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access

53. DEFAULT Constrain
When a table has already been created, use Alter to add new constraints.
ALTER TABLE Persons
ALTER COLUMN City SET DEFAULT ‘Sandnes’
ALTER TABLE Persons
ALTER City SET DEFAULT ‘Sandnes’
MySQL
SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access
To drop a constraint
MySQL
ALTER TABLE Persons
ALTER City DROP DEFAULT
ALTER TABLE Persons
ALTER COLUMN City DROP DEFAULT
SQL Server/Oracle/MS Access

54. CREATE INDEX statement
An index can be created in a table to find data more quickly and efficiently.
The users cannot see the indexes.
Indexes can speed up searches/queries
Updating a table with indexes takes more time than updating a table without indexes. Because indexes also need to update.
So please create indexes on columns (and tables) that will be frequently searched.

55. CREATE INDEX statement
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column_name)
Duplicate values are allowed
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column_name)
Duplicate values are not allowed
CREATE INDEX PIndex
ON Persons (lastname)
CREATE INDEX PIndex
ON Persons (LastName, FirstName)

56. SQL DROP INDEX, DROP TABLE, DROP DATABASE
MS Access
DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name
DROP INDEX table_name.index_name
MS SQL Server
DROP INDEX index_name
DB2/Oracle
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX index_name
MySQL
DROP TABLE table_name
DROP DATABASE database_name
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name
Delete data inside the table, not the table itself

57. SQL ALTER TABLE statement
Alter table statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing table
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype
To add a column in a table
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name
To delete a column in a table (some database systems don’t allow deleting a column)
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype
To change the data type of a column in a table

58. SQL ALTER TABLE statement
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD DateOfBirth date
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP COLUMN DateOfBirth

59. SQL AUTO INCREMENT
Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated when a new record is inserted into a table
MySQL
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255), PRIMARY KEY (P_Id) )
ALTER TABLE Persons AUTO_INCREMENT=100
To start the auto_increment with another value
INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName) VALUES (‘Lars’, ‘Monsen’)

60. SQL AUTO INCREMENT
Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated when a new record is inserted into a table
SQL Server
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )
ALTER TABLE Persons AUTO_INCREMENT=100
To start the auto_increment with another value
INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName) VALUES (‘Lars’, ‘Monsen’)
To start at 10 and increment by 5 IDENTITY(10,5)

61. SQL AUTO INCREMENT
Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated when a new record is inserted into a table
Access
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )
INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName) VALUES (‘Lars’, ‘Monsen’)
To start at 10 and increment by 5 AUTOINCREMENT(10,5)

62. SQL AUTO INCREMENT
Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated when a new record is inserted into a table
Oracle
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_person MINVALUE 1 START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 CACHE 10
INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id,FirstName,LastName) VALUES (seq_person.nextval,'Lars','Monsen')
To start at 10 and increment by 5 AUTOINCREMENT(10,5)

63. SQL Views
A view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement
A view just looks like a real table with fields and records from one or more real tables in the database
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
CREATE VIEW Sandnes AS
SELECT LastName, FirstName
FROM Persons
WHERE city=“Sandnes”
CREATE VIEW SandnesLastName AS
SELECT LastName
FROM Sandnes
SELECT * FROM SandnesLastName
SELECT * FROM Sandnes

64. SQL Views A view can be updated or dropped
CREATE OR REPLACE OR ALTER VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
ALTER VIEW Sandnes AS
SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address
FROM Persons
WHERE city=“Sandnes”
DROP VIEW view_name
SELECT * FROM Sandnes
DROP VIEW Sandnes

65. SQL Quiz