INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION (Introduction to the teaching profession)

INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION (Introduction to the teaching profession)

Retired faculty member, researcher, and senior administrator
John L. Johnson, Ph.D. Brooklyn 14 states 23 cities 4 countries Retired faculty member, researcher, and senior administrator Gordon Alum

Why This Course? To better understand the structure, nuance, and complexity of the teaching profession and the Education Enterprise

What is the Education Enterprise?
IT IS VAST! 13,500-plus school districts in U S 50-plus million students 3-plus million teachers 600-plus billion dollars, and IT IS A FOUNDATIONAL INSTITUTION

The Environment/Domain
Classroom City/town/county District State Country World

Stakeholders/Actors/Players
Students Parents Teachers School Personnel District Personnel Community Leaders/activists Residents Taxpayers Businesses Churches Lawmakers

Issues Politics Charter schools Religion
Economics/economic development Diversity Equity Taxes Gender Race Curriculum Assessment Teacher preparation Labor/collective bargaining

A WARNING! (we will talk about many things…)

Structure of Course 4 Exams Portfolio Book Report Writing Assignments
Personal Educational Philosophy Best Teacher Brown v. Board education

Buy Book/Text Come to Class Do All Assignments Participate in Class
You Must! Buy Book/Text Come to Class Do All Assignments Participate in Class

‘A foundational institution of society” “A complex profession”
Chpt. 1 ‘A foundational institution of society” “A complex profession”

Assignment for Monday, August 15th
Chapter 1, pages 3-12 Paper due, The best teacher I ever had and WHY?

Foundations of Education
Social/philosophical Historical Political Curriculum Instructional Legal

Misconceptions & Complexities!
What do teachers do? Misconceptions & Complexities!

A day in the life… Teacher’s disposition…
Common features/traits of the profession… Multidisciplinary Simultaneity Immediacy Unpredictability Publicness History

The Conundrum of Teaching
1-8: : 13 F-S: 30 GS: 9 Total: 60 Mrs. Doris Virginia Watson

Assignment Due: Wed (Jan 11th)
The Best Teacher I Ever Had (explain why) (one, single-spaced typed page) Number of public school districts in GA: Number of students in GA: Number of teachers GA: Total education expenditures in GA:

Perspective on Teaching
Be yourself Relationships and making connections Take chances

Monday August 22, 2916 Agenda BOOK REVIEW GUIDELINES
Review Chapter 1: pages 13-37 Assignment for Wednesday Review Chapter 2: pages 32-44 Write an answer to one of the five questions on page 28 under Reflections

Key Terms and Concepts Standards-based education
Performance standards Content standard Multicultural education Bilingual education Language minorities Constructivism Multiple intelligence Emotional intelligence Accountability in education Teacher quality Diversity in student population Common core standards

Changes Influencing Education
Changes in society influences changes in schools and the educational process… Schools are generally slow to change… Factors influencing changes in education… Student Population Theories in Teaching & Learning Purpose of Education Educational Standards Accountability Efforts to ensure teacher quality

Changes in Student Population
Diversity of students By 2020… half of all students will be ethnic minorities 5% of teachers will be minorities…. Currently, 69% are white females Challenge is to ensure all teachers understand the unique characteristics of diverse students… Significant population will be language minorities… Bilingual education programs Multicultural education/perspective… Other forms of diversity Disabled Gender/sexual orientation Religious minorities Immigrants

Changes on the Theories of Teaching & Learning
Many debates over many years about how humans learn… In schools Before: One size fits all…. Driven by “local” social norms and the status quo BEFORE: THE CENTER OF GRAVITY WITH TEACHERS AND LOCAL BOARDS NOW Driven by research… we have new knowledge and insight… Driven by governmental authorities (federal and state) Constructivism Learning and gaining knowledge through interactions with and through experience… New knowledge is the produced by connecting new information/inputs to prior knowledge… Less content and more time… Learning by solving real problems and real life issues… Learners working in teams… Accountability issues under the constructivist approach…

Changes on the Theories of Teaching & Learning (Multiple Intelligence)
In the past: IQ tests and scores, AFQTs, SATs/ACTs defined a person’s level of intelligence… Very damaging to people and society Used to “sort” students in schools… Multiple Intelligence Movie: “Rain Man” Da Vinci, Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Whoopi Goldberg, Daniel Radcliffe, Justin Timberlake, Tim Tebow, Michael Phelps, Pablo Picasso, Anderson Cooper, Richard Branson and many others… Types Logic/Mathematical Language Spatial People skills Physical Emotional Intelligence

Changes on the Debates on Education
What schools should be doing and teaching driven by: Social issues, problems, and priorities Society’s beliefs on the role and purpose of education… should schools be a Source of change Source of stability

Changes on Standards & Standards-Based Education
BEFORE: THE CENTER OF GRAVITY WITH TEACHERS AND LOCAL BOARDS What is a Standard? Level of quality or attainment i.e., by the end of 3rd grade all students should reach 75% proficiency level in arithmetic, 100% of 3rd grade students should reach proficiency level in division. Standards-Based Education… are the norm! Education/curricular based on sets of specific performance measures and indicators for each subject area… Performance standards Content standards Common Core Standards Standards enable: Ability to measure and compare Increases accountability Disadvantages Reliance on standardized tests Control from local boards… people WHO DECIDES? SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS…

Changes Related to Accountability
BEFORE… CENTER OF GRAVITY WITH TEACHERS & LOCAL DISTRICTS For teachers Pressure… i.e., evaluation, raises, job security For local boards and communities Lack of community control Pressure…. i.e., takeover of low performing schools Center of gravity at state and national levels… Pressure… i.e., political and economic considerations FAIRNESS FOR TEACHERS

Teacher Quality BEFORE… little or none accountability for determining teacher quality. NOW… a political issue Stricter standards and guidelines for entry in the profession National tests

August 24th AGENDA Review Chapter 1, pages 32-44
Assignment for Wednesday Read pages 45-58 Paper: Why I believe I will be an effective teacher. Prepare draft of your Field Project Plan

Key Terms and Concepts Professional development
Teacher preparation is a process Professional development phases Pre-training Formal preparation Core studies Specialization Professional education Induction Years Responsibility for own professional development NEA AFT Professional ethics

Teaching Art or Skill?

To be a professional educator
Teachers must have certain attributes, temperaments, dispositions… achieved through personal growth, development, and experience (Cameron?) Teachers must have certain knowledge and skills… achieved through education, training, and experience (Arnold?)

Preparation is a Process
Professional Development Phases Pre-training phase Formal preparation phase Induction year phase Continuing growth phase

Pre-training Disposition Perceptions Need to be open minded!
Derived from family, social/personal relations, other teachers, school experiences Perceptions Current experience vs. past experience Need to be open minded!

Formal Training Undergraduate teacher education programs
Guidelines from state education departments and accreditation bodies Core studies… course in broad academic subjects in the liberal arts… Teaching specialization/academic majors… specialization in specific subject/content areas… mathematics, reading, etc… Professional Education (Student Teaching)… hands-on direct classroom experience…

Induction Year Assumption by peers/supervisors: new teachers are not fully prepared… You are a professional… must take responsibility for own professional development. Lay of the land (students, school, community, people…) Build relationships Identify help resources

Continued Professional Growth
Staff development Further formal education Professional Associations (page 40) NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION (NEA) AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TEACHERS

ETHNICS PROFESSIONS HAVE MORAL CODE THRE MAJOR AREAS OF FOCUS
INTERCTIONS WITH STUDENTS & OTHERS Teachers are in a position of “power” and influence Impressionable, vulnerable Do your job as a teacher Be prepared and ready Be fair Be accurate Observe or asked to do illegal/unethical activities Collaboration/collegial Ethical dilemmas Child abuse Teach to the test

August 29, 2016 AGENDA Review Chapter 2, pages 45-58
Assignment for Wednesday PORTFOLIO PROJECT REVIEW AND SUBMISSION OF YOUR WORK PLANS Select and answer one of four “Reflections” questions on page 60.

Key Terms and Concepts Governor Legislature
Chief State Education Officer State Office of Education Local School District Local School Board District Superintendent Central Office Staff Principal U S Department of Education Governance

STRUCTURE OF EDUCATIONAL CONTROL
Who controls and influences education in America? There are many actors, stakeholders, constituents, and situations. Two categories: Those who “make” educational policies and those who “interpret” and “carry them out.”

The Context The work teachers do are controlled and influenced by a broad range of individuals and organizations… on a local, state, and national levels…

Education has always been a campaign issues at the local, state, national levels…
Local, National and International economic issues have focused on education… Social issues and concerns are reflected in educational policies…

Entities that influences/control the educational process…
Students Parents Teachers School Personnel District Personnel Community Leaders/activists Residents Taxpayers Businesses Churches Lawmakers

Other indirect sources of control
Situations/Situational Organizational Structure Bureaucracy

STATE ORGANIZATIONS 10th Amendment… powers reserved for states…
Most states have education codes that govern all educational activities… Legislature Establishes educational policies and laws Governor Propose policies and laws Veto policies and laws Influence decision-making Chief State Education Officer CEO of the state board of education Can influence educational policies Primary role is to implement policies and laws passed by the legislature State Board of Education Sets the policies and guidelines to Implement the educational policies and laws passed by the legislature…. State Department of Education Administratively implement the educational policies and laws of the state... And the state board of education. Collect and disseminate educational information and data Credentialing of teachers Funding Calendar

LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICTS
Local School Board Day to day responsibility of operating schools Set policies and guidelines which administrators implement Under the authority of the state department of education Hiring of all school personnel: administrators, teachers, supplies, buildings and maintenance, personnel management, budgets, Admission to board is by election; most members are not educators District Superintendent Hired by the local school board Professional educator with deep administrative experience Overall administrative and management responsibility for the operation of the school district High turnover rate for superintendents Central office Staff Curriculum, technology, grants, facilities, food service, training, etc.. School Principal CEO of the school, Overall administrative and management responsibility for operations of the school… Assistant Principal Assist the principal In charge of specialty areas: discipline, curriculum and instruction, training and professional development Department Heads and Team Leaders Department head for content areas: Math, English, etc. Grade level team leaders.. Teachers The Miracle Workers School Support Staff Administrative and support staff

FEDERAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INFLUENCE
President Propose, veto, and influence education policies to Congress.. i.e., No Child Left Behind Congress Make educational policies and laws… i.e., No Child Left Behind Federal Courts Brown v. Board of Education School Funding Equal Protection for Disabled Children Education of Illegal Immigrants U S Department of Education Advises on educational policies to the president Conducts and disseminates educational data and educational research Administers grant programs, Proposed new policies and practices, and funding to encourage their adoption

OTHER INFLUENCES ON EDUCATIONAL POLICY
Most teachers (80%) belong to one or the other National Education Association Policy oriented and focus… have own conception of the correct educational policies American Federation of Teachers Teachers union Collective bargaining…

GOVERNANCE (Who will control Education)
A mix bag… Their are many stakeholders and constituents with deep personal and institutional interest in education… with their own own ideas about “the right way to go” The fight for control goes on….

The Professional Education
Life long learning Complexities of the profession Many many challenges and frustrations Many many rewards…

August 31, 2016 AGENDA REVIEW PORTFOLIO PROJECT
Assignment for Wednesday, September 7th Read Chapter 2, pages 63-78 Submit title of book of your book report. Prepare two-page summary of the “No Child Left Behind” school reform initiative. Be sure to include the purpose and intent of the program and what educational issues it was designed to address.

September 7, 2016 AGENDA Review Pages 63-78 Assignment for Monday
Read remaining pages of Chapter 3 Select and answer two (2) questions from Reflection on page 87.

Key Terms and Concepts Systemic reform School choice Voucher plans
A Nation at Risk (1984) Authentic assessment Input goals Outcome goals

Systemic School Reform

Why school reform: (Changing Nature of Schools & Education)
Change is constant Changes in student populations Technology Social/Political/Economic Changes Some schools are not achieving their mission/failing As a professional know the issues Know the effects & results

Competing Views on Educational Practices
See page 65, Figure 3-1 (ideas and beliefs)

Driving Imputus for School Reform
A Nation at Risk (1984) To improve academic achievement and educational attainment for all students Impediments to good schools Bad policies and leadership Bad teachers Bad methods Lack of funding and resources No accountability

Other Factors Leading to Poor Student Performance
Supportive home environment Safe school environment Adequate health and nutrition Are adequate teaching methods and materials being used?

So… we have a problem… lets do something about it…. School Reform

Systemic School Reform
Wholesale changes in school operations and culture. Administrative & leadership arrangements Instructional materials Parental involvement Greater teacher decisionmaking and discretion Overall school environment

Area of Focus in Systemic Reform
Outcome Goals (not Input Goals) Rigorous assessment Authentic assessment Standardized tests

Strategies for Reforming Schools: School Choice
Parents and children have a choice Choice like in the free market system causes schools o become more competitive

Strategies for Reforming Schools : Voucher Plans
Like Choice… gives parents power to select schools of their choice Causes schools to become more competitive and thereby better

Strategies for Reforming Schools: Charter Schools
Essentially private schools that are funded with public dollars. Choice/voucher Free from certain rules and regulations Better able to meet the needs of learners

Strategies for Reforming Schools: Open Enrollment Schools
Similar to School Choice Parent/child may select any “existing” school to attend in a given school district

Strategies for Reforming Schools: Magnet Schools
Schools with themes: Music, Science, Arts Similar to School Choice plans Meets specific needs or desires of parents/children In New York…. Performing Arts, Sciences, Automotive, Food & Bake, Aviation, Fashion & Design, Information Technology

Problems with Some Programs
Buyer knowledge Smart choices Supply & demand

September 12, 2016 AGENDA Review remainder of Chapter
Assignment for Wednesday Prepare to take Exam #1 covering Chapters 1-3

For the exam… Review steps and requirements to obtain an initial Georgia teacher’s certification

Key Terms and Concepts Comprehensive school reform Accountability
School-business partnership Full-service schools

NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)… Is No More!!!! (Every Student Succeeds Act)
First major effort by the federal government to bring about Comprehensive School Reform in public schools NCLB Goals 100% proficiency level for ALL learners NCLB primary focus: Subgroups… (ethnic & language minorities, disabled, English not primary language, economically disadvantaged)….not averages Establishment of state academic standards and requirement to meet said standards in ten years.. Accountability Testing Reporting Consequences for districts and schools not meeting standards Place High Quality teachers in problem areas.

NCLB… What Could Go Wrong!?
Accountability Testing Consequences

School-Business Partnerships Remember: A Nation at Risk
Tech-Prep 2+2 programs Lead to an associate degree Specialize occupational areas: technology, engineering Competency in math, science, communications School to Work Opportunity Act of 1994 Carl D Perkins Vocational & Applied Technology Act of 1990 (Purpose of schools: job training or to educate?)

School-Business Partnership
President George Bush (1st) New American Schools Development Corporation (1990) Privatization of schools (Edison Schools, etc.) Charter schools Other indirect cooperation Direct funding Personnel Technology Equipment Advisory boards (IS THIS POTENTIALLY A PROBLEM FOR SCHOOLS?)

(SHOULD SCHOOLS HAVE THESE ROLES?)
Full-service Schools Childcare Legal Personal counseling Job training Immigration Social Services Health and Nutrition (SHOULD SCHOOLS HAVE THESE ROLES?)

September 19, 2016 AGENDA Push schedule back one week Review exam
Assignment for Wednesday: Re-read p Submit Personal Education Philosophy paper

Be responsible for your own professional development!
This is new! Think like a teacher/educator Newspaper and other media outlets Read related publications Professional Association of Georgia Educators ‘Page One” Go to NEA and AFT websites Course text Your papers/submissions: properly titled… First and last name Date Class Title of Assignment i.e., Personal Education Philosophy; Chapter 3 Reflections, Question No. 1…

September 21, 2016 Agenda Review Chapter 4 Assignment for Monday
Personal Philosophy of Education Select ad answer two reflection questions ffrom Chapter 4

Chapter 4: Who are the learners/students of today
What are your perceptions?

Select Characteristics: English is not primary language
8% to 10%

Socioeconomic Status = Academic Outcomes
Poverty Blacks: 37% Hispanic: 34% Native Americans: 37% Whites: 12% Asians: 14% Socioeconomic Status = Academic Outcomes

Strong relationship between ethnicity and academic outcomes
Minority Learners 40% of all school children are members of an ethnic minority group… Strong relationship between ethnicity and academic outcomes

Relationship between safety and academic outcomes
Violence Violence Bullying Gangs Relationship between safety and academic outcomes

Disabilities 3.7 or 14% of all students are disabled and receiving some form of special education.

Abuse and Neglected Physical Sexual Neglect Emotional

At-Risk Single parent Parent(s) failed to complete high school
Low income Poor academic skills Low self-esteem and self-worth English is a second language

Mobility 15% to 18% of all children move regularly from school to school

Gender Trans Gay Women

September 26, 2016 Agenda Review remainder of Chapter 4
Assignment for Wednesday, Sept. 28th Read pages No written assignments…

Terms & Concepts Poverty & Learners Minority group learners
Disabled Learners At-Risk Multicultural Education Gender & Learners Inclusion Globalization

What are your thoughts! Diversity Globalization

Diverse Learners and Their Challengers
English as second language Poverty Ethnic minorities Violence Disabled Gender At-risk

Why should we educators and society be concerned?

Different Academic Diversity & Challenges--- > Achievement Outcomes

So we have all these issues involving learners… NOW WHAT?
Sense of efficacy.. Feel valued and worth! Examples when and where that did NOT happen… Early education… colonial period…. Women Early immigrants to the U.S. Native Americans Segregation/De-segregation/Re-segregation Disabled students

Attempts to correct/redress
Multicultural education Desegregation of school along color lines School funding schemes Gender laws and issues Disability laws and issues Inclusion Title IX School lunch programs and other services… School reform… Full-service schools

Other direct/indirect remedies
Standardized tests Student favoritism Providing good teachers

September 28, 2016 Agenda Chapter 5 Assignment for next week
Read Remainder of Chapter 5 Answer two Reflection questions on page 186

In the classroom as in life, reality is rarely what they seem… therefore never take anything for granted!

A Positive Learning Environment

WHAT IS A LEARNING ENVIRONMENT?
Individual and combination of: Physical setting… influences behaviors… Social/cultural/emotional/interpersonal/ leadership dimensions… managed by the teacher They don’t just happen… it is a purposeful process initiated and directed by the educator… you are Captain of the ship (classroom)

Physical Physical settings influences behavior… Density of students
Arrangement of seating Ambiance Managing instructional time Allocated time Engaged time Academic learning time

Social/Cultural Elements of the Learning Environment
Classrooms are complex social setting… therefore… We all have and bring to the classroom baggage… The child/children YOU, the teacher… therefore To be an effective teacher it will be necessary to be strategic, tactical, political

Establishing Teacher Leadership
Legitimate power and authority Reward power and authority Coercive power and authority Expert power and authority Referent or attractive power and authority Preferred type of power/authority… given permission to have power/authority over someone…

October 3, 2016 Agenda Review Chapter 5 Revise schedule
Today: Finish Chapter 5 Wednesday, Oct. 5th: Review entire Chapter 6 Monday, Oct. 10th: no class – fall break Wednesday, Oct. 12th: Midterm (Chapter 4,5,6) Assignment for Wednesday, Oct. 5th Read Chapter 6 Answer 2 reflection questions…

Responding to Student Behavior
Developing self-control Preserve students’ dignity Respond privately Respond fairly and consistently, Focus on the behavior

Choosing a response to behavior
Low profile responses Reinforce positive behavior Nonverbal signals Proximity control Direct response Clarity and firmness Limit setting Cost benefit analysis Student-teacher conference

Choosing a response to behavior
Responses to serious and persistent problems Depersonalize Encourage and empathize Find out facts Understand the feeling Suspend your ego End on positive note Involve others

October 5, 2016 Agenda Chapter 6 What is Taught and How is it Taught?
Assignment for Wednesday, Oct. 12th Prepare for Exam #2 (Chapter 4,5,6)

Introduction What is worth knowing or what do we need to know?
A philosophical question How can this Knowledge be taught? Philosophical question and practical issue… Teacher’s disposition….

The Curriculum – Course to be run
Formal Curriculum Explicit or Planned… clearly defined content, goals, sequence, and subjects… Inner Curriculum Learning that occurs within learners… combines what is learned from the curriculum and the person’s experiences… resulting in new knowledge and interpretations.. Hidden Curriculum What is taught and not taught which, results in what is implied… (Implicit curriculum) Extra- Curriculum Outside the Curriculum

Curriculum Orientation
The Learner-centered Curriculum Based on the students needs and desires, what they want to learn Case for…. Focus on the student, responsibility for students, helps student achieve by developing knowledge at their own pace and interest level… Case against… do young learners have the knowledge to know what is best for them; learning each students needs is not efficient… Need of Society Curriculum What is important for citizens to know and be able to do in society… to solve specific problems, vocational education, workforce, loyal citizens… Case for… society benefits, trained workforce for employment Case against… needs change… Academic Subjects Curriculum Typical school curriculum of subject material. Case for… efficient, traditional, builds broad based knowledge for a changing world… Case against…. World is more complex… more interdisciplinary…

Curriculum: Who Decides? The States!
State curriculum standards drives/directs… Content Sequence of instructions Amount of time on content Expected level of proficiency Emphasis of particular content and subjects…. Reading, math, sciences Assessment

Forces on the Curriculum!
State Standards Case for… Accountability, Comparisons, Proficiency, Equity, Standardization Case against… removes local control, influenced by content area specialization, and pressure groups High Stakes Testing Case for… Accountability, Comparisons, Allocate resources, identify teachers needing help Case against… does not measure general knowledge, does not consider other factors that may impact learning (poverty, second language, etc…)

Instruction Direct Instruction (Active Teaching) Planning
Plan content (sub-content) and sequence of lesson plan Based on level and characteristics of learners Specify learning Outcomes (Objectives and goals) Effective Lesson Presentation Stimulate interest Sequence lessons Use of advanced organizers Pacing

Indirect Instruction Nonverbal Communication Teacher Questions
Nonverbal behavior… sends information, perceptions Gestures, Stares Teacher Questions Low level questions Short responses Determine knowledge of facts, etc. Higher level questions More proficient teachers asked more questions Requires higher-order thinking Open-ended questions Homework Out of school learning Lots of debate Benefit older students 10 minute rule – ten minutes multiplied by grade level

October 17, 2016 Agenda HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS Review Exam 2
Review Chapter 7: Assessment Assignment for Wednesday Read Chapter 8 Answer two Reflection questions Paper due: Summary of the U S Supreme Court Case of Brown v. Board of Education HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS

HUGE!! Hand in hand with instruction
ASSESSMENT IS HUGE!! Hand in hand with instruction Second most important aspect of the teaching & learning process Political dimension… Practical use… How it use to be… teacher’s discretion… How it is now… public issue & domain…

What is assessment and why do we need it?
Determine what students have learned. 2. An important dimension in the process of teaching and learning. 3. Make decisions about allocation of resources 4. Accountability

Key Terms Assessment Purposeful collection of data from a variety of sources for the purpose of rendering a judgment. Measurement Involves quantifying the presence or absence of a quality, trait, or attribute. (height, weight, width, proficiency level) Evaluation Interpreting the meaning of the data. Intellectual process of making a judgement about the worth or value of something.

Norm-Referenced Evaluation
Norm-Referenced Judgments made comparing individual’s scores to the scores of an appropriate reference group (SATs/ACTs/State tests).

Criterion-Referenced Evaluation
Criterion Referenced Judgments are made based on how the performance of each person compares to the standard (a set of criteria… passing grade is 80%, summative, formative exams, i.e., midterms, finals).

Grades (“Measurements”)
The purpose of grades is to communicate the conclusions of evaluation. A good grading system clearly communicates to other parties the conclusions of the evaluation so they have a clear understanding of the performance of each individual on the assessment. Letter Grades (A, B, C, etc…) Percentage (100%, 90% 80%, etc…)

Types of Assessment Placement Assessment Formative Assessment
Diagnostic Assessment Formative Assessment Assessment during the learning process Summative Assessment Assessment at end of the learning process What are the outcomes you are looking to assess? Cognitive: remembering, processing Psychomotor: physical coordination, motor skills Affective: attitudes, behaviors

Cognitive Taxonomy Bloom’s Taxonomy
Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Krathwohl’s Taxonomy: Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organization, Characterization

Criteria for Assessment
Are the important outcomes assessed? Must have clearly defined “intended” outcomes Are the assessment procedures appropriate for the nature of the outcomes? i.e., want to measure “understanding” of the Civil War, but are using yes/no, multiple choice questions on exam Are there sufficient samples of behavior to allow for a fair judgment? i.e., want to measure broad understanding or arithmetic, but have limited questions/problems Do the measurement tools meet adequate technical standards? High standards… RELIABILITY Is the assessment appropriate for the developmental level of the learners? Age and grade appropriate, special needs students… Are the assessment procedures free of bias? Cultural How are the results interpreted and used?

Selected Response Measures
Two-Response Test Items Select from two possible answers. (Yes-No, agree-disagree) Easy to grade. Multiple Choice Items Stem, correct answer, and several distractors Matching Match items to another category.

Free-Response Measures
Learner generates the response. Essay Short answer Fill in the blank

Performance Assessment (Authentic Assessment)
Checklists Rating scales Portfolios

October 19, 2016 Agenda Review Chapter 8: History
Assignment for Monday Read Chapter 9, pages Answer two Reflection questions

How did we get here? Where? In a situation where we are still asking these questions… What is the purpose of education? Who should attend school/receive education? (Education means power…) Who should teach? (Men, women, pregnant women, gays… Socrates was killed…all the teachers in Cambodia were killed between ) What should be taught? How should it be taught? Who should make decisions/be in control? Who should pay for education? Why do we have the calendar we do? Our present was formed by our past!

Make America Great Again or Education the way it use to be!
What did the past look like? Education for only those than can pay Secular education… religious schools Whites only Males only No disabled learners English only… Produce workers for industry… Conformity…. Up to World War 2 which states had the highest SAT test scores???

Historical Perspective
The Greeks (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, others) The Academy The Lyceum Rationality… questioned ideas and reality Search for truth… Mathematics, Philosophy, Medicine, Physics The Romans Empire builders Practical knowledge… needs of society/empire

Middle Ages Renaissance John Amos Comenius (1592-1670)
The Church and secular education Renaissance Scholasticism…. Rediscovery of Plato, Socrates, etc. Humanism… away from the devine… Scientific method Birth of great European universities… Oxford, Cambridge, Bologna, Salamanca John Amos Comenius ( ) Sequential graded classes Subjects

Johann Restalozzi (1746-1827) 19th Century
Schools/education focus should be to improve society 19th Century Growing & more complex society Mandatory school (Horace Mann) Public schools (Horace Mann)

Colonial Period Different regions had different perspectives based on their unique histories… New England Religious freedom Homes schooling... Increase in commercial activities.. Dame schools… Education was important for a free society Idea of public education… First public school… Boston Latin School (1635) Main emphasis was local control of schools/education

Mid Atlantic Region (NY, NJ, PA, DE)
More diverse group Major trading/commercial centers Trained workers Private schools/academies Quaker schools…. Open to all races… Ben Franklin Separate schools from religious training Sequential subjects Practical training… away from theoretical/intellectual Southern Region Supported the deposed monarch of England Wealthiest region in the colonies Maintain the status quo Home schooling with private tutors for those who could afford it… Schools abroad (with the resources)

Independence to Civil War
Whites only Men only Those who can pay Only elementary school for majority Development of secondary schools 1860…. 40 public high schools in the U S. Horace Mann ( ) Advocated for state support of public schools… Common schools… school for the average person.. Normal schools… first teacher education schools… 1860… 50% of children in public schools African Americans Illegal to educate…. No educational opportunities

Civil War to 1900 Need for educational opportunities Kalamazoo Case
Industrial Revolution Economic growth Western expansion Surge in immigrants… Americanization Kalamazoo Case Mandatory funding of public education NEA American Federation of Teachers (Union)

1900 to World War 2 Junior high schools are introduced
1940…. 75% of all children in public schools John Dewey ( ) His philosophy of education lead to the progressive movement in education.. Individual growth and develop Critical thinking skills Scientific method Against needs of society… Testing movement Comprehensive high schools movement Health, citizenship, vocational training, ethical training, worthy home membership, command of fundamentals… Progressive movement New learning theories Constructivism Child focus

WW2 to 21st Century Brown v. Board of Education Sputnik
Civil Rights Movement Disabled Gays Women Multicultural education COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL REFORM

21st Century and Beyond Globalization Political football School reform
Control and governance Accountability Standard and common core MORE COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL REFORM…

October 24, 2016 Agenda Review Chapter 9 Change in schedule
Wednesday: Remainder of Chapter 9 Monday: Review of Portfolio project Assignment for Wednesday Read remainder of Chapter 9 Brown v. Board of Education Report Status report on Field Project

Tension Between Society and Education
Why is there tension in society about education? What are some examples of the tensions we see between society and the role of education?

Conflicts Ideological Conflicts:
Education for innovation and change vs. maintaining the status quo… School reform, charter schools, Question 1 Values and knowledge that are different from parents and social groups Race, gender, immigration, Conflict regarding religious beliefs Prayer in schools, creationism/evolution, gender, other religions

Sociology The study of society… the study of the interactions and behavior of people and people in groups… family, teams, tribes, nationalities, police, businesses, clubs, education/schools, etc….

Sociological Perspectives of Education and Schools
A perspective (point of view drawn from experience and/or derived from knowledge) used to analyze education and its purpose… Functional perspective Conflict perspective Symbolic perspective

Functional Perspective?

Functional Perspective
About what schools/education “do” to contribute to society…If institutions (schools) functions well… society functions well… Schools…. Order and efficiency Prepare society for work and careers… Social cohesion Because of Diversity Status quo with values passed from one generation to the next Change is slow… Problems with functional perspectives Doesn’t address issues of not having a leveled playing field…

Social Conflict Perspective?

Social Conflict Perspective
Schools/education are places where social conflicts are played out… to the advantage of one particular group… Charter schools, voucher plans, Magnet schools, gifted programs Standardized Testing Georgia Question 1 Performance/merit pay for teachers Problems with conflict perspective No smoking gun… different beliefs and points of view..

Symbolic Perspective?

Symbolic Perspective Micro level… focus is on the interactions between students and others in the classroom… Culture of the classroom/social structure in schools… discovering a lot of “stuff” is happening… Interactions between students and teachers, and teachers’ expectations... Teacher’s expectations is related to outcomes Tracking of students Student behaviors.. Effects of poverty can be moderated and mediated through programs… Relations with interactions and race, culture, and class Mainstreaming is effective More diversity training for teachers… More diverse teaching staff… This perspectives is becoming more dominant… helping to shape educational policies today….

October 26, 2016 Agenda Review remainder of Chapter 9
Assignment for Monday Prepare for Portfolio Review

Key issues today from a “sociological” perspective
Teacher recruitment & training Violence Are schools failing?

Sociological Perspectives: Recruitment and Training of Teachers
Teachers are the most critical factor for success for the education of our children! What are your perceptions of how teachers are viewed in our society? Status and respect from society

Who are becoming teachers and why?
Are we getting the best to become teachers? Are top students in the country going into teaching? What could be done to attract the “best”? Pay, status, working conditions What the research says… Dan Lortie, William Waller Protracted time with young people Social mobility Service theme Continuation theme Time/schedule Mutual benefit/security Popular opinions about teachers/teaching Not a challenging profession Does not attract the best and brightest “Those who can, can, those who can’t teach” Women’s profession More compliant to authority (men) Lack of respect for male teacher Low pay compared to most other occupations Not a long term profession Teacher shortages… 50% leave in 5 years Low status and low pay… going to other professions and industries Working conditions Top-down decision making

Teacher training… the battle goes on!
Extended teacher education requirements Impact on poorer students.. More focus on subject matter than teacher education Remove barriers to become a teacher

School Violence Perception
There is extreme violence in schools… Overall violence is down… 10% of schoolsaccount for 90% of reported violence 9 out of every 1000 (.009%) students are victims of violence 10% of high school students carry weapons Fear of violence influences teacher shortages

Are schools failing? A Nation at Risk (1983) SATs dropping
Data show otherwise… minority students taking tests in greater number… Low on international comparisons Selection effects with other nations Selection effects with U S students… more minority students take standardized tests…

Some schools are failing…
Location Factors Crushing effects of poverty and related social issues Teacher quality Lack of resources Bad policies Failed school reform Political influences and power politics Poor school leadership

October 31, 2016 Agenda Portfolio Review Assignment for Wednesday
Exam No. 3 (Chapters 7,8,9)

INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION (Introduction to the teaching profession)

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INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION (Introduction to the teaching profession)

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Presentation on theme: "INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION (Introduction to the teaching profession)"— Presentation transcript:

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