1. Updates on the Microbiome: Impacts of current research on nutrition and health.
Tiffany Weir, PhD
Colorado State University

2. Learning Objectives
Review some of the functions of the microbiome and health issues that are associated with its disruption.
Overview  the current knowledge related to dietary components and  the gut microbiota.
Evaluate new research and recommendations regarding diet and supplement use for improvements in gut health. 

3. The Gut Microbiome
Am J Gastroenterol Suppl (2012) 1:15–21

4. Protective functions
Curr Opin Microbiol 14:82-91, 2011

5. Digestion
Germ-free mice required 30% more calories to maintain same weight as normal littermates
Germ-free mice transplanted with normal microflora gained weight.
Increased energy harvest associated with higher levels of the phylum Firmicutes
* Turnbaugh and Backhed studies from Gordon lab (2006)

6. Metabolism: “The SCFA paradox”
Intestinal transit
acetate
leptin

7. Immune System Priming and Development
Hevia et al Front. Microbiol

8. Diet, Disease, and the Microbiota Connection
Singh et al J Transl. Med.

9. Sheflin et al. (2014) Curr . Oncol. Reports 16: 406.

10. Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Disease
Awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their observations that peptic ulcer was caused by the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori.
Barry Marshall
Robin Warren

11. H. pylori, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer
50% of the population has H. pylori as part of normal gut ecology
80% of these remain asymptomatic
Some strains have the Cag pathogenicity island
Encodes ~30 genes that encode proteins which allow the bacteria to infect the host.

12. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Increased facultative anaerobes
More Adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC)
More sulfate reducing bacteria
Reduced tryptophan metabolizing bacteria
Reduced Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (butyrate producers)

13. Metabolic Syndrome

14. Vascular dysfunction: Preclinical manifestation of CVD

15. *Antibiotics improves vascular function in overweight mice.
*Microbiota transplant from genetically obese animals causes vascular dyfunction in normal mice.

16. Gut Microbiome and Cardiovascular Disease
Nature Med 19, (2013); Nature Med 19, (2013)

17. Macronutrient Composition, Dietary Patterns, Phytochemicals and the Gut Microbiota

18. Protein
Overall- increased diversity

19. Fats

20. Carbohydrates
Gazzaniga and Kasper (2016) Cell: based on data from Desai et al. (2016) Cell

21. Carbohydrates

23. Phytochemicals

24. Plant Estrogens 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN)
Most potent phytoestrogen to date
Bioavailability of 8PN associated with gut microbiota
Isoxanthohumol (IX) is converted by gut bacteria to 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN)
No 8PN production in germ free rats (Possemiers 2008)
Gut bacteria and liver microsomes convert IX to 8PN
Resveratrol (a polyphenol) shown to alter gut bacteria community structure
Hamm and Weir (2017) Acta Horticulturae

25. Diet Patterns and the Microbiota

26. Diet and Development
Voreades et al (2014) Frontiers in Microbiology 5:494

27. Plant –based Diets Stool samples from 60 different mammalian
Species showed that their
microbiota clustered by
dietary pattern.
Red: carnivore
Blue: omnivore
Green: herbivore
Ley et al (2008) Science 320: 1647–1651.

28. Diet and Microbiota
Diet
De Filipo (2010)PNAS 107 ,

29. Popular Dietary Patterns

30. “Eat Food. Not Too Much. Mostly Plants.”
Summary
“Eat Food.
Not Too Much.
Mostly Plants.”
Michael Pollan
“In Defense of Food”

31. Where are we going from here?

32. Fecal Transplants
Frozen fecal matter encapsulated in clear, 1.6 g synthetic pills was just as safe and effective as traditional fecal transplant techniques at treating C. difficile. Within 8 weeks or less, 18 out of 20 participants saw a complete resolution of diarrhea after consuming 30 or 60 of the feces-filled capsules. “It’s probably not the best experience of your life,” says team leader Ilan Youngster, a pediatric infectious disease doctor at Harvard University. “But it beats getting a tube stuck down your throat or a colonoscopy … or having C. diff.” JAMA 10/11/14

33. C-section Colonization Protocol
Dominguez-Bello et al. 2016, Nature Medicine

34. Functional Medicine and Personalized Nutrition

35. Diagnostics

36. Custom Health Solutions based on Knowledge of the Microbiome
Enterome-French company that uses mechanistic studies of the microbiome and disease to create custom therapeutic solutions.
Recombinant Lactic Acid Bacteria- genetically engineered probiotics
Metabolically active bacteria would deliver molecules directly to enterocytes.
Il-10, protease inhibitors
Microbial metabolites as custom pharmaceuticals
Supplementation with butyrate, indoles, etc