1. UPPER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Chapter 18
UPPER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

2. State Standards
44) Trace food from the time it enters the body until it is released, outlining the organs involved and the digestive processes that occur.
46) **Research medical texts and peer-reviewed journals to explain the pathophysiology and abnormal anatomy and/or physiology surrounding diseases, disorders, and/or syndromes of the digestive system. Explain how these abnormalities can affect one’s physical health, outlining signs and symptoms, underlying causation, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, evaluation, and treatment. Differentiate between the diseases in a pediatric, adult, and elderly person. Develop a public service announcement, community awareness presentation, or health education presentation to inform a selected audience about one of these diseases or disorders using the National HOSA competitive events guidelines.

3. Objectives
Students will label major organs and linings of the digestive system
Students will identify 3 accessory organs that aid in breaking down food.
Students will describe the role of each organ in the digestive system
Students will trace the path of food through the digestive system

4. Physiology of the digestive system And Upper Digestive system organs

5. Digestive system and homeostasis
Helps to maintain homeostasis through proper pH balance in the gastric environment.
pH is the alkalinity (base) or acidity (acid) of a substance.
Kills unwanted substances and digests food
Discussion
How does the digestive system effect other body systems? Which ones?

6. LINING OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Peritoneum - two-layered membrane
2 parts
Mesentery - part that attaches to posterior wall of abdominal cavity
Greater omentum - anterior portion
Discussion Why do we need mesentery and greater omentum? What would happen if it was not there? .

7. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Omentum
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

8. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

9. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Break food into smaller pieces
Change food chemically into fat, carbohydrates, and protein
Absorb nutrients into blood capillaries of small intestines
Eliminate waste products of digestion

10. ORGANS OF DIGESTION Accessory structures contribute to digestion Mouth
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Discussion: Applying what your learned about the functions of the digestive system, what are the role of these accessory structures?

11. ORGANS OF DIGESTION

12. ESOPHAGUS
The esophagus is a muscular tube beginning at the lower end of the pharynx (back of the mouth) , passes through the diaphragm and connects to the upper portion of the stomach
Muscular tube contracts in a wave like manner (peristalsis)
Discussion
Is the esophagus a voluntary or involuntary muscle?
Applying what you learned about the structures of the respiratory system, what tissue of the respiratory tract would also aid in the act of swallowing?

13. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

14. STOMACH Stomach is divided into 3 portions Fundus - upper part
Greater curvature (body) - middle
Pylorus - lower portion
Gastric juices are secreted by millions of gastric glands
Discussion: What is the purpose of gastric juices?
What would happen to the food we eat if we did not have gastric juices?

15. Divisions of the stomach
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

16. Discussion and Activity
Research:
What is the digested food that leaves the stomach called?
Quickly draw a stomach to add to your notes. Label the different sections.

17. Activity
In groups of 3 complete Station 4 Gravity or Peristalsis Activity.
1 person will be the test subject, 1 person the auscultator, and 1 person in charge of timing and dictation.
Complete the station 4 analysis questions and table 2 stomach labeling individually.

18. Lower Digestive System
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

19. State Standards
44) Trace food from the time it enters the body until it is released, outlining the organs involved and the digestive processes that occur.
46) **Research medical texts and peer-reviewed journals to explain the pathophysiology and abnormal anatomy and/or physiology surrounding diseases, disorders, and/or syndromes of the digestive system. Explain how these abnormalities can affect one’s physical health, outlining signs and symptoms, underlying causation, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, evaluation, and treatment. Differentiate between the diseases in a pediatric, adult, and elderly person. Develop a public service announcement, community awareness presentation, or health education presentation to inform a selected audience about one of these diseases or disorders using the National HOSA competitive events guidelines.

20. Objectives
Students will label major organs and linings of the digestive system
Students will identify 3 accessory organs that aid in breaking down food.
Students will describe the role of each organ in the digestive system
Students will trace the path of food through the digestive system

21. SMALL INTESTINE
The final break down of food to be absorbed occurs in the small intestine
Divided into three sections
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

22. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

23. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
SMALL INTESTINE
Digestive juices
Secretions from the Liver and Gallbladder break down food in the small intestine to be absorbed.
(We will discuss these accessory organs further in the next few slides)
Absorption in the small intestine is accomplished through millions of villi.
The indigestible portion is passed through to the large intestine
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

24. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Villi
Increase the surface area of the small intestines
The carbohydrates and proteins in the chyme enter the bloodstream passively via the vein and artery
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

25. Discussion and Activity
Compare and contrast the stomach and small intestines jobs/functions
Place the sections of the small intestine in order from connection to the large intestine to the connection to the stomach.
What might happen if you suddenly didn’t have a portion of your small intestine?
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

26. LIVER/ACCESSORY ORGAN OF DIGESTION
Functions of the liver
Manufactures bile which is necessary for fat digestion
Produces and stores glucose in the form of glucogen
Detoxifies alcohol, drugs and other harmful substances
Manufactures blood proteins

27. LIVER/ACCESSORY ORGAN OF DIGESTION
Stores vitamins A, D, and B complex
Breaks down hormones no longer useful to the body
Removes old red blood cells and recycles iron content
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

28. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

29. Discussion and Activity
Can you live with only a portion of a liver?
What body systems would be affected if the liver malfunctions?
Research:
What color is the skin of someone who has liver problems? What is this called?

30. GALLBLADDER
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile when it is not needed by the body
Discussion
Can you live without a gallbladder?
Research:
_____ is a common surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder.
Where would the incision be made in relation to the belly button to remove the gallbladder?

31. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

32. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
LARGE INTESTINE
Chyme is semi-liquid food in the large intestine
Colon has 3 sections
Ascending
Traverse
Descending
Anal Canal-last portion of the large intestine
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

33. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

34. Discussion
The Chyme (digested food) going through the large intestine has already had most of the useful substances removed from it. So why do we have to have a large intestine? What is it doing that is different from the small intestine?

35. Path through the digestive system
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

36. Activity
Within your small groups Complete station 2 the GI tract. Once you have measured and marked your string, have a partner lay down and place the string and landmarks in the correct anatomical position on their abdomen. Make sure that your string does not overlap itself. Complete this for each person in the group and see how different heights impact the string placement.
Individually complete the station 2 analysis questions and questions 1,3,6,7,11 under review