1. Chapter 4 Age of Early Empires Egyptian & Nubian Assyrian Persian
Unified China

2. Essential Question:
What is the difference between a “river valley civilization” & an “empire”?
Warm-Up Questions:
What is an “empire”?
How are “empires” different from “river valley civilizations”?
What are the advantages of having an empire?

3. Good Afternoon! Bell Ringer! 9-20-16 Answer in your spiral.
What is a fundamental (or main) difference between Judaism and Hinduism?
Who is the father of the Hebrews?

4. Independent/Partner Work
Chapter 3 Assessment
Answer in complete sentences
Change #1 to: Why did the Phoenicians develop a writing system? (pg 74)
Change #2 to: What were some of the achievements of King Solomon? (pg 81)
Due Today
Chapter 4 Vocabulary
Due Friday!! Quiz Friday!!
Quiz over vocabulary on Friday!

5. River Valleys to Empires…
What is the difference between a “river valley civilization” & an “empire”?

6. From Civilization to Empire
After thousands of years of civilization in river valleys, the first empires appeared
River valley civilizations were complex societies with advanced technologies, cities, workers, writing, & institutions
Empires were advanced societies with well-organized, centralized gov’ts that conquered & ruled a variety of formerly independent people
Classical Civilization Age 1000BCE-600CE
The last period, the Classical Period, groups many dynasties and civilizations together, including the Mauryan Empire, the Gupta Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, Greece, and Rome. The Mauryan Empire, Gupta Empire, and Qin Dynasty were the classical civilizations of India and China. These civilizations enhanced long distance trade and formed the idea of social positions based on employment. Greece and Rome were the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean. These classical civilizations are characterized as very well organized, centralized, and territorial. They characterized the period by expanding their empires and conquering surrounding territories and unifying them. After becoming so big, they could not control their borders, and suffered recurrent invasions from people to the North. Rome was invaded by the Goth and Huns, Gupta by the White Huns, and Han China by the nomadic Xiongnu. The classic civilizations all share similar characteristics of how their empires operated, as well as how they rose and fell.

7. First Age of Empires 1570 B.C. – 200 B.C. B.C.
Groups from Africa to China sought to conquer other groups and spread their influence across vast regions. These societies built the world’s first great empires.

8. Akkadian Empire
The Northernmost Sumerian states were known as Akkad, and it’s people Akkadians
the Akkadian Empire was ruled by Sargon, who drew his power from his powerful military
As the Empire grew, Sargon legitimized his power by leaving those in power whom he had just conquered
By 2150 B.C.E., the Babylonians, along with various other groups in an around that region slowly chipped away at the Empire.
Review and Reminder
By taking control of both northern and southern Mesopotamia, Sargon created the world’s first empire. Sargon’s empire only lasted about 200 years before it declined due to internal fighting, invasions, and famine.

9. The Babylonians also conquered Judah and exiled most of the survivors to Babylon.

10. Hyksos Egypt
Around 1650, Egypt was invaded by a group from Asia known as the Hyksos
The Hyksos conquerors were successful against Egypt due to the chariot. Which gave soldiers a speed advantage over foot soldiers
The Hyksos also taught the Egyptians to use bronze which made stronger weapons and tools for working in the fields
The Hyksos, a nomadic people ruled Egypt for a little less than 100 years.
The Egyptians were taken by surprise as they arrived in their chariots because the desert barriers had protected the Egyptians for so long. The Egyptians resented the presence of the Hyksos in their land, but were powerless to do anything.
Around 1600, a series of warlike rulers began to restore Egypt’s power. Among those that helped to drive out the Hyksos was Queen Ahhotep who tool over once her husband was killed in battle. The next pharoah, Kamose won a great victory over the hated Hyksos. His successors drove the Hyksos completely out of Egypt and pursued them across the Sinai Desert into Canaan. According to some biblical scholars, the Israelites remained in Egypt and were enslaved and did not leave until the Exodus.

11. New Kingdom of Egypt
1550 B.C. – 1070 B.C.

12. The New Kingdom
1550 B.C. to 1070 B.C.
Pharaohs engaged in professional military campaigns in Nubia, Syria, and Canaan
Hatshepsut – encouraged trade rather than war
Expedition to Punt – brought back gold, ivory, plants, animals
Thutmose III – stepson of Hatshepsut, warlike ruler
Amenhotep III – The kingdom reached its peak under his rule.
18th, 19th, and 20th Dynasties in the New Kingdom
After overthrowing the Hyksos, the pharaohs of the New Kingdom sought to strengthen Egypt by building and empire and entered it’s 3rd period of glory during the New Kingdom era. During this time the Kingdom was wealthier and more powerful than ever before.
Equipped with bronze weapons and two-wheeled chariots, thanks to the Hyksos, the Egyptians became conquerors. The set up and army of archers, charioteers, and infantry or foot soldiers. They engage in military campaigns in Nubia, Syria, and Canaan.
** Hatshepsut – declared herself pharaoh around 1472 because her stepson, the male heir to the throne was a young child. Hatshepsut was unique because the focus on trade rather than just waging war. Her trading expedition to the Land of Punt was particularly successful. Gold, ivory, plants, and animals were some of the items brought back from the expedition.
Thutmose III – under the rule of Thutmose III, there were numerous invasions eastward into Canaan and Syria. Egypt was a mighty kingdom again.
Amenhotep III – great grandson of Thutmose III. While ruler, the New Kingdom reached its peak. With slaves and natural resources, he was able to complete vast construction projects such as those at Karnak and Luxor. By the end of Amenhotep’s reign, an invasion by the Hittites began to tax the Egyptian Empire militarily and monetarily.

13. (grand buildings and tombs)
New Kingdom of Egypt
Old Kingdom (Pyramids)
Like the rulers of the Old Kingdom, who built towering pyramids, rulers of the New Kingdom erected grand buildings. In search of afterlife and protection from grave robbers they hid their splendid tombs beneath desert cliffs in the remote Valley of the Kings near Thebes. Aside from royal tombs, rulers of this time also built great palaces and magnificent temples
Bottom Picture: 4 statues of Ramses II guarded the entrance to the Great Temple at Abu Simbel
New Kingdom
(grand buildings and tombs)

14. Question!
What advantages did the Hyksos possess which helped them to conquer Egypt?

15. Decline of New Kingdom
The empire that was built in the New Kingdom slowly came apart as other strong civilizations challenged Egypt’s power.
Invasions by land and sea
From the east – tribes of Canaan attacked
From the west – Libyan raids on Egyptian villages
Powerless, Egypt fell to its neighbors’ invasions.
BC Libyan pharaohs ruled Egypt and erected cities
The empire that was built in the New Kingdom slowly came apart as other strong civilizations challenged Egypt’s power.
Egypt experienced attacks from Sea people such as the Philistines as well as attacks from the east and west
Eventually, Egypt fell to the invasions and Libyan pharaohs ruled for about 200 years.
Egypt would be ruled by various outside groups after the Libyans including the Persians, Alexander the Great of Macedonia, and eventually the Romans

16. Nubia and Nubian Kingdom of Kush
As Egyptian trade increased, merchants travelled south along the Nile River Delta to Nubia to obtain ivory, ebony, frankincense and animal skins
Nubians were dominated by Egyptian society
the Nubians gained independence around 1,000 B.C.E.
By 750 B.C.E. the Kush had conquered the Egyptians but by 663 B.C.E. were driven out of Egypt by the Assyrians
Nubia would remain a major trading empire
Nubians were dominated by Egyptian society: Egyptian governors, priests, soldiers, and artists strongly influenced the Nubians.
Nubia would remain a major trading empire, trading with central and east Africa, as well as the Roman Empire

17. Nubian Society Nubian society was based largely on trade
Most of society worked as either laborers or artisans and was mostly urban due to its geographic location
Nubian society was at it’s peak from around 250 B.C.E. to about 150 A.D.
Women in Nubia had more power than most women in other areas at this time

18. Meroe Meroe Active trade route among Africa, Arabia, and India
Abundant resource of Iron Ore
Iron weapons and tools
After about four centuries, Meroe began to decline
Defeated by Aksum
After their defeat by the Assyrians, the Kushite royal family eventually moved south to Meroe
Meroe merchants would transport the iron goods to to the Red Sea, and in exchange they would get jewelry, fine cotton cloth, silver lamps, and glass bottles
Meroe

19. Good Afternoon! Bellringer:
How did the Kingdom of Egypt become so powerful and wealthy?
What lead to the decline of the New Kingdom?
What is significant about Hatshepsut?

20. The Assyrian Empire
Around 850 BC – Assyrian acquired a large empire through advanced military operations and state of the art weaponry.
They wore copper armor and stiff leather.
Weapons were iron swords and pointed spears.
For more than 2 centuries the Assyrian army advanced across southwest Asia overwhelming others with their military strength.
The Assyrians come from the northern part of Mesopotamia where the land was flat and vulnerable to attack. Invaders would sweep down the mountains into Assyria. It is thought that due to frequent invasions, Assyrians may have developed their warfare tactics and behaviors.
Around 850 BC – Assyrian acquired a large empire which made the Assyrians the greatest power in Southwest Asia.

21. The Assyrian Empire
At its height, the Assyrian Empire included Mesopotamia, Israel, and Egypt.
These conquered lands brought taxes and tributes, cities that refused to pay were destroyed.
Tribute = peace money
Nineveh was the largest city at the time
3 miles in every direction
World’s first modern library

22. Chaldeans
A group of people from Southeast Mesopotamia helped to defeat the Assyrians around 600 BCE
New capital: Babylon
King Nebuchadnezzar restored the city
Created the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Great Wonders of the World

23. What advantages did the Assyrians have in battle?
Question!
Write question and answer in your notes!
What advantages did the Assyrians have in battle?

24. Which of the Seven Wonders of the world is located in Babylon?
Question!
Write question and answer in your notes!
Which of the Seven Wonders of the world is located in Babylon?

25. Persian Empire
Persian Empire

26. The Persians grew into a powerful empire under Kings Cyrus & Darius
One of the most important ancient empires were the Persians (in present-day Iran)
With a powerful army, the Persians conquered Mesopotamia, Egypt, & India
The Persians grew into a powerful empire under Kings Cyrus & Darius

27. Persian Empire
Around 1,000 BC, Indo Europeans migrated from central Europe and southern Russia to the mountains east of the Fertile Cresent.
Pull factors included fertile farmland and minerals.
Two powerful groups emerged: The Persians and the Medes

28. Conquest Under Cyrus
In 550 BCE the Persian king Cyrus began to conquer neighboring kingdoms
Cyrus was a unique leader, following conquest, Cyrus forbade looting and pillaging, and would allow conquered peoples to keep their religion
Cyrus was also responsible for ending the Babylonian captivity of the Jews in 538 BCE

29. What pull factors led the Indo-Europeans to the Persian plain?
Question!
What pull factors led the Indo-Europeans to the Persian plain?

30. Persian Conquest Following Cyrus
Following his death in 530 BCE, his son Cambyses continued his father’s reign of conquests invading and destroying Egypt
Unlike his father however, Cambyses was not tolerant of foreign religions, and had Egyptian temples burned
Following Cambyses’ death, widespread rebellions broke out around the Persian Empire

31. What was unusual about Cyrus’ conquests?
Question!
What was unusual about Cyrus’ conquests?

32. Good Afternoon!! Quick write on a sheet of paper to turn in
Do you think the Assyrian’s almost exclusive reliance on military power was a good strategy for creating their empire? Why or Why not?
(Thesis and 3-4 supporting statements)

33. Darius
Cambyses’s successor was a noble and military commander named Darius, who, with the help of the Ten Thousand Immortals seized power around 522 BCE
Darius spent a majority of his early reign putting down various revolts
Darius would conquer Afghanistan and India, but failed to conquer Greece

34. The Persian Empire
King Darius divided the empire into 20 provinces each ruled by a satrap (local governor) Satraps were the “eyes & ears of the king,” collected taxes, & informed the king of uprisings
At the centre of ancient Persian administration was the king, controlling a network of satraps (governors). As well as governing, satraps were responsible for securing tribute and delivering it to the royal palace. The Greek writer Herodotus reported that at one time Cilicia (in south-east Turkey) paid 500 talents of silver (about 14 metric tons) and provided 360 white horses, and Babylon and Assyria paid 1000 talents of silver (about 28 metric tons) and gave 500 boys to be eunuchs.

35. What area did Darius fail to conquer?
Question!
What area did Darius fail to conquer?

36. Persian Culture
Persian religion was Zoroastrianism, which viewed life as a struggle between good & evil
Persians believed in heaven & hell as consequences for how they lived their lives
Zoroastrianism influenced the views of the afterlife in Judaism, Christianity, & Islam
Despite relative internal peace under king Darius, the Middle East had experienced years of war, famine, and other hardships
A Persian prophet named Zoroaster preached that an eternal battle between good and evil was constantly being waged, and the one true god Ahura Mazda would come to judge everyone at the time of their deaths

37. The Persian Empire
The Persians built a network of roads in order to collect taxes & improve communication & trade throughout the empire (Royal Road)

38. The Persian Empire
The Persians used metal coins with standardized values to help promote trade

39. The Unification of China Decline of the Zhou and rise of Confucius
The Zhou dynasty lasted for about 800 years 1027BC to 256 BC
“Warring States Period” led to the decline of the Zhou Dynasty.
Born in 551 BCE, Confucius was born into the conflict in China, and believed order could be restored by observing and respecting five relationships:
Ruler and subject, Father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, friend and friend
Filial piety (loyalty and respect for ones elders) was essential to Confucius’ beliefs and remains a central theme in Chinese ethos today

40. Confucian Government
Confucius believed that education was important for government officials, and therefore advocated an educated bureaucracy
Confucianism is NOT a religion but did become the basis for Chinese government
The bureaucracy was a trained civil service that ran the government.
Confucianism based on ethical system or right an wrong

41. Daoists and Legalists
Chinese thinker, Laozi (6th century) argued that the Dao, a unifying natural force, controls all things
Early Daoists devoted themselves to scientific study of all living things and made many advances in science and biology
In stark contrast were the legalists who believed government should enforce strict laws and punish dissenters harshly
Laozi believed that government should do as little as possible and leave people alone

42. QUESTION!
How are Confucianism and legalism different?

43. Qin Dynasty
In 221 BCE, the Qin gained control of China by eliminating internal competition, defeating foreign invaders, and crushing resistance to their rule
Shi Huangdi next invaded what is modern day Vietnam, doubling the size of China
Shi Huangdi controlled noble families by forcing them to move to China’s capital where he could watch them and carved China into 36 administrative districts, sending officials to control them
To prevent criticism of his government, several thousand “useless books” were burned, and hundreds of Confucian scholars were murdered
After ruling for over 20 years, the Qin assumed the name Shi Huangdi (shihr – hwang dee) which means first emperor
The Qin Dynasty lasted for only a short time before the peasants revolted and a new Dynasty would begin, the Han Dynasty

44. Great Wall
Shi Huangdi required his citizens to either pay heavy taxes, or, volunteer to serve on civil construction projects
Many poor farmers were sent to work on what would eventually become the Great Wall of China, an attempt by Shi Huangdi and his successors to keep out the Mongols, a group of savage horseman from Northern China (modern day Mongolia)

45. What was the practical purpose behind the building of the Great Wall?
Question
What was the practical purpose behind the building of the Great Wall?

46. First Age of Empires Visual
What are the similarities and differences?