1. Julius caesar

2. UNDER CAESAR’S RULE

3. Caesar’s empire Gaul Spain Asia Minor Macedonia Italy Numudia Nervii
Corsica
Philippi
Asia
Minor
Rome
Macedonia
Sardinia
Italy
Sardis
Numudia

4. Caesar’s time line
100 BC: Caesar born
75: captured by pirates
73: member college of priests
69: praetor in spain
68: suspected of attempting to overthrow senate & establish crassus as dictator
65: gains popularity as aedile (dir.of public works/games; puts on combats w/wild beasts and gladiators
63: elected pontifex maximus – head of state religion
62: becomes praetor, or magistrate
61: serves as governor of Further Spain
60: rules Rome w/Crassus & Pompey in 1st Triumvirate
59: elected consul, one of Rome’s 2 executive offices, in a fixed election; marries Calpurnia; Julia, daughter from 1st marriage to Cornelia, marries Pompey

5. caesar’s timeline cont’d
58: invades Gaul, where more than 200 separate Celtic tribes live
57: nearly wipes out Nervii army that ambushes his forces in Gaul
55: invades Germany to show the power of Rome; leads military expedition to Britain
54: Julia dies and tension grows between Caesar & Pompey
54: invades Britain again
51: completes conquest of Gaul
49: refuses Pompey’s order to give up his army and begins civil war; appoints himself tribune for life and dictator; after returning from Spain, is given the title, “Liberator”
48: falls in love w/Cleopatra; defeats Pompey’s army at Pharsalus (pardons Brutus & Cassius, who fought against him, then appoints them to a high office
45: defeats Pompey’s 2 sons in Rome; becomes sole ruler of Roman Republic

6. Caesar’s end
44 BC: named dictator for life(February); refuses crown offered by Mark Antony (March); plans to lead army against the Parthians to avenge their defeat of Crassus(March): assassinated (March 15)
Antony forms 2nd triumvirate w/Octavius and Lepidus; the 3 order the deaths of over 300 senators and 2,000 businessman to cleanse Rome of supposed loyalists to the slain Caesar

7. Terms to know in Julius caesar
Military Terms
Political Terms
Battle: a unit or party of the army
Battles: armed forces drawn up for fighting
Charges: the troops
Cohort: an army division
Ensign: the flag bearer
Alarum: trumpet call to arms
The horse in general: cavalry
Legion: 3,000-6,000 soldiers of 10 cohorts
Parley: (“to talk”) conference between officers of opposing forces
Tributaries: captives (POWs) who had to pay a “tribute” or ransom to Rome to obtain their freedom – this money went to city coffers
Bondsman: slave
Commons: common people
Consul: chief magistrate-highest official in Republic
Dictator: one person w/complete political control
Plebian: the common people
Praetor: Roman judge/magistrate; next to consul in rank
Rabblement/Rout: the mob
Senator: mainly wealthy patricians; make laws
Tribune: magistrate who protects rights of lower classes
Triumvirate: rule of 3 men

8. Who’s Who in Julius Caesar
The 1st Triumvirate – before play begins:
Julius Caesar: elected dictator for life
Crassus: killed
Pompey: Caesar kills him
The 2nd Triumvirate – after Caesar’s murder:
Octavious Caesar: nephew to Caesar
Mark Antony: a fiercely loyal friend to Caesar
M. Lepidus

9. Main Characters in Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar, Dictator of Rome – Calpurnia (Wife)
Marcus Brutus, Roman Praetor – Portia (Wife)
Servants to Brutus
Claudius
Clitus
Dardanius
Lucius
Strato
Varro
Comrades in Arms
w/Brutus
Young Cato
Messala
Titinius
Volumnius
Lucilius
Conspirators Against
Caesar
Marcus Brutus
Decius Brutus
Casca
Cassius
Metellus Cimber
Cinna
Ligarius
Trebonius
Others:
Pindarius: servant of Cassius
Artemidorus, rhetoric teacher

10. Senators
Cicero – also a well-respected orator
Popilius Lena
Publius
Tribunes
Flavius
Marullus
Other senators, citizens, guards, attendants,
and another poet, named Cinna
Soothsayer – who tries to warn Caesar

11. Major themes in Julius Caesar
Deciding: to whom does one owe his loyalty – friend or country?
Unchecked Personal Ambition: can interfere w/ability to govern the state
Violence: only begets violence
Mob Mentality
Human error: even noble people have personal flaws & blind spots that can undermine their success – or destroy them
When legitimate authority breaks down, all other rules of society will crumble, too
Downfall of idealist in a realistic world