1. Topic of the Month January 2017 Single-Pilot CRM
2016/10/3-093 (I) PP Original Author: (J. Mason) ( ); POC (K.Clover), AFS-850 (Ops. Lead), Office ( ); revised by (J. Steuernagle) ( )
Presentation Note: This is the title slide for Single-Pilot Crew Resource Management
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2. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

3. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
Overview
CRM and SRM History
Definition and Benefits of SRM
Preflight and In Flight SRM concepts
The 5P Check and How to Use it To Improve
Your ADM and SRM
We want to take a few minutes to talk about Crew Resource Management– a concept developed for pilots operating in a crew environment that is of significant benefit to General Aviation. Many CRM principles have been successfully applied to single-pilot aircraft operations, which led to the development of SRM: Single-Pilot Resource Management.
We’ll discuss the History and safety benefits of CRM,
As well as present and future CRM technologies.
And we’ll talk about how to use CRM today.
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

4. Crew Resource Management (CRM)
In the beginning the captain was in charge and made all the decisions in isolation. (Click)
These days the captain’s still the final authority but the crew are involved in the decision making process and that’s a very good thing. The captain manages those
Resources to effect safe, efficient, and hopefully profitable operations.
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

5. Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)
SRM includes:
ADM
Risk Management
Task Management
Automation Management
CFIT Awareness
Situational Awareness
SRM is defined as the art and science of managing all the resources (both onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior to and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight. (Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter 2, page 2-14)
SRM receives an entire chapter in the FAA publication Risk Management Handbook (FAA-H )-chapter 6
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

6. FAA Risk Management Handbook
Recognizing Hazards
Internal Resources
External Resources
The 5P Check
The FAA Risk Management Handbook, Chapter 6, is entirely devoted to the concepts included in SRM.
As of June 15, 2016 both Private Pilot and Instrument Rating practical tests are now governed by the Airman Certification Standards (ACS) NOT the Practical Test Standards (PTS). While the task elements of the PTS are still included, each Task (for example, steep turns) contains a Knowledge, Risk Management, and Skills section. A great way to think about each of these is that an applicant needs to demonstrate what they KNOW, what they must CONSIDER (risk management), and what they must DO for each task. This also applies to pilots undergoing evaluation for BFR’s and IPC’s.
The remaining PTS’s will eventually be upgraded to the ACS format.
SRM, whether during preflight or while in flight, is a major part of Risk Management!!
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

7. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
Passengers
Set Pax. Expectations
Preflight brief
Safety items
Sterile cockpit
Give them jobs to do
Traffic lookout
Chart holder
Checklist reader
Zoo keeper
Passengers are one of the most under-utilized resources , whether they have flying experience or not.
Passengers can go a couple of ways: They can, and will if you let them, distract you from your piloting; or they can be a valuable part of the crew. (Click)
Set passenger expectations before you start engines. Give them a synopsis of the flight route and what they’ll see and hear. (Click)
Cover the standard safety items such as restraints, smoking, & egress. (Click)
And we suggest a sterile cockpit for taxi, takeoff, climb, descent, & landing. (Click)
Give them jobs to do. (Click)
Traffic spotting assistance is always appreciated. We know of one pilot who pays his kids a buck for each target they spot before he does. The last we checked, he’s
into them for more than a hundred. Passengers can also be chart holders and, with training & supervision, checklist readers. If family pets are carried they should
also be assigned zoo keeper duties.
All of these things make the time pass more quickly and increase the safety and enjoyment of flight.
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

8. Self-Talk and Checklists
Use self-talk when performing tasks and checklists
Use checklists
Helps to manage workload and confirm that tasks are completed
Verbal Communication, i.e. self-talk, which touching or operating a control or performing a task, has been shown to reinforce the task and help ensure that it has been completed.
Reading a printed checklist out loud, or reciting a memorized checklist out loud, are examples.
Checklists are crucial the more complex an aircraft is.
Studies have shown that we only have so many chunks of information that we can use at any one time. It helps to think of these chunks as ‘buckets on a conveyor belt’ Using checklists, especially printed ones, helps keep one or more ‘buckets’ empty to use in case of an emergency or abnormal situation.
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

9. ATC, Flight Dispatch, & Flight Following
Captains also draw on a host of resources on the ground provided by Air Traffic Controllers of course but also (Click)
Flight Dispatch and Flight Following personnel (Click)
Meteorologists, and Maintenance specialists.
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

10. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
In-flight Resources
You may be piloting a plane with the latest glass cockpit equipment that displays traffic and weather. But you might be flying older technology aircraft with a mobile device for navigation and weather data assistance. Either way it’s nice to confirm what you’re seeing with weather specialists or controllers on the ground.
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

11. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
Tablet Apps
There are a host of tablet-based aviation apps available these days and many pilots are using them. Be sure you’re thoroughly familiar with
your app of choice and that you have the latest information uploaded before flight. We suggest an alternate power supply to guard against
dark screens when you need them most.
Here’s a couple of additional tips:
Practice with your device on the ground before flying with it. Find out where best to locate it and practice all in-flight app functions while scanning for traffic.
Don’t let the app distract you from important flying tasks and, even though your app depicts all airspace boundaries; give yourself some room. Fly at least 2 miles outside all airspace you don’t have clearance to enter. When it comes to pilot deviations, ATC radar trumps i-pad every time.
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

12. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
Autopilot Systems
-Preflight Checks and
Autopilot Maintenance
-Practice with All Modes and
Functions
-Don’t neglect Hand-Flying
Skills
Autopilots are a GREAT help with SRM. “Otto” can handle everything from holding heading , to tracking a navigational course, to climbing and leveling off. If you know how to competently tell him what you want.
Good instruction and study of the operation is essential to get the most from your system, and to operate it safely
They can help IFR AND VFR pilots. (Click)
Make sure you do your preflight checks to determine that all modes are functioning properly, and in the case of many autopilots, part of that check is the autopilot disconnect switch(s). Make certain you know ALL the ways you can disable the autopilot!! (Click)
Be sure to practice with all autopilot modes and functions. You don’t want to set yourself up for the question, “What’s it doing now?” (Click)
And don’t neglect your hand-flying skills. Many pilots alternate autopilot-coupled approaches with hand flown approaches. That way they keep their programming and hand flying skills razor sharp.
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

13. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
Airport and Route Info
iPad apps
Online Sources
Weather Apps
Chart Supplement (A/FD)
Airport Webpages
TFRs, NOTAMs, etc.
iPad apps such as ForeFlight, WingX, Garmin, AOPA and so on, have a wealth of information for preflight planning. Additionally, whether you have that resource or not, the internet provides a great deal of info. Explore and see what is available. DUATs is great, but not the only source now. We have 1800wxbrief.com, aviationweather.gov, and many, many subscription sites devoted to preflight planning and briefings. (Click)
The A/FD is now called the Chart Supplement-make sure you have read and understand the info. There are sites like AirNav that will give you most of the info, but make sure you’ve checked the official sources and verified all the details.
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

14. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
SRM and the 5P Check
Plan
Plane
Pilot
Passengers
Programming
As stated in the Risk Management Handbook, “SRM is about how to gather information, analyze it, and make decisions.” Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) isn’t a yes/no process; each pilot has to consider his/her experience level, currency, physical and mental condition, personal minimums, and so on and make a decision that manages risks. This is NOT an easy process, and involves learning “how to think” in a variety of real-world situations.
The 5P Check is a way to analyze the information you have gathered (SRM) and make solid decisions (ADM).
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

15. 5Ps: Preflight Resources
This is the first time a pilot should apply the 5Ps. Use them to help you make a decision about whether or not to go on the flight.
General Aviation Single-pilot operations offer many opportunities for resource management but most of the human resources aren’t in the airplane with you. (Click)
As you complete your flight planning , a call to Flight Service will get you the latest weather and operational information including TFRs. Many pilots use this call to confirm the information they’ve already accessed on line. And a route briefing just before takeoff will attest to the fact that you have the latest TFR information.
In the air those same specialists are available for consultation. They’re just a radio call away.
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

16. 5Ps: Just Prior to Takeoff
You can still decide to cancel, or delay!
It could be any one of the 5Ps that requires a change or decision.
The second time a pilot should use the 5Ps in a flight, to assist with SRM, is just prior to takeoff. (Click)
As stated here, you can still delay your takeoff at this point, or decide not to go at all. Examples of each P that might change your plan: (Click)
Planning: the weather is worse than forecast, moving more quickly than expected; the airport has a navaid or runway that has closed
Plane: the engine sounds questionable; you ran over an object while taxiing;
Pilot: You broke your glasses or a contact fell out; you’re hot; you forgot your inflight water bottle for a long flight
Passengers: they don’t feel good; they forgot something
Programming: you didn’t complete your route entry prior to arriving at the runway; your autopilot didn’t pass its normal preflight checks
What other things can you think of???
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

17. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
5Ps: Inflight Midpoint
Destination- Wx, Airport, NOTAMs
Pilot & Pax: fatigue, physical needs, hypoxia
Plane: equipment problems, fuel, mechanicals
Many pilots wait until the approaching their destination before considering these things. Performing the 5P model at the midpoint of your flight gives you time to make decisions (ADM) which is excellent SRM!! (Click)
5P examples:
Planning: how’s the weather between here and my destination? What runway should I expect? Should I consider a fuel stop? (Click)
Plane: Has anything failed en route? Engine(s) still sound right and indications are normal? (Click)
Pilot: Am I fatigued? Am I hypoxic? Am I making good enough decisions to handle the rest of the flight? Do I need to use the restroom? Passengers: Same as pilot, plus: feeling nauseous or otherwise ill? Need to use the restroom?
Programming: Is my automation, iPad, GPS or other equipment set correctly? Is it still working as expected?
What other things can you think of???
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

18. 5Ps: Descent and Landing
What if things change?
What if I have to divert last-minute?
What if my glideslope or primary nav fails?
What if a pax has an ear blockage?
Run a 5P check just prior to initiating your descent. If you have to divert, now is much better and gives you more options than nearly arriving at your destination, only to discover you can’t land there.
If you are VFR, what will you do if you have to go around? Think about that NOW. If IFR, what will you do if you have to miss your approach?
What if your passenger gets nauseous or pain from ear or nose blockage during descent? Ask them how they’re doing. Instruct novice passengers how to avoid these problems if you can.
5p examples: (Click)
Planning: VFR or IFR go around (yes, IFR DOES occur!!), what will you do? Which way are you turning off the runway you expect to use? How will you taxi to your parking area? (Click)
Plane: Everything needed for approach and landing ok? Fuel selector(s) on the right positions?
Pilot: Briefed, and checklists ready/performed? Proper glasses (sunglasses can seem okay until you get below the tree line!!) (Click)
Passengers: briefed for sterile cockpit; looking for traffic?
Programming: GPS or VOR/LOC selected? Approach activated, not just loaded? Again: What others can you think of???
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

19. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
References
Aviation Risk Management Handbook (FAA-H ) – Chapter Six
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H B Chapter 2 Aeronautical Decision Making
Article – Managing Yourself – Flight Training Magazine December 2000
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

20. Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management
Questions?
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January Topic of the Month
Single-Pilot Cockpit Resource Management

21. Proficiency and Peace of Mind
Fly regularly with your CFI
Perfect Practice
Document in WINGS
There’s nothing like the feeling you get when you know you’re playing your A game and in order to do that you need a good coach (Click)
So fly regularly with a CFI who will challenge you to review what you know, explore new horizons, and to always do your best. Of course you’ll have to dedicate time and money to your proficiency program but it’s well worth it for the peace of mind that comes with confidence. (Click)
Vince Lombardi, the famous football coach said, “Practice does not make perfect. Only perfect practice makes perfect.” For pilots that means flying with precision. On course, on altitude, on speed all the time. (Click)
And be sure to document your achievement in the Wings Proficiency Program. It’s a great way to stay on top of your game and keep you flight review current.
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22. Thank you for attending
You are vital members of our GA safety community
Your presence here shows that you are vital members of our General Aviation Safety Community. The high standards you keep and the examples you set are a great credit to you and to GA.
Thank you for attending.
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23. Topic of the Month January 2017 Single-Pilot CRM
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