1. CLINICAL EVALUATION OF SOME HERBAL MEDICINAL FOR AMOEBIASIS
Khan Usmanghani, Shahabuddin,
Department PreClinical Sciences,
Faculty of Eastern Medicine,
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY

2. DYSENTERY
Dysentery is an inflammation of the intestine that causes painful diarrhea and stools containing blood and mucus. Dysentery can be Protozoal (Entamoeba histolytica) or Bacterial (Shigella).
General symptoms include high fever and diahorea lasting up to a week.
Generally, treatment consists of drinking large quantities of fluids, but antibiotics are given in severe cases. The disease is transmitted by the infected stools. Amoebic dysentery is an ulcerative condition of the intestine, from which the amoebas may invade the liver or, rarely, the skin and lungs, and cause abscesses.

3. OVERVIEW OF AMOEBIASIS IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Facts and Figures
E. histolytica is responsible for up to 100,000 deaths per annum, placing it second only to malaria in mortality due to protozoan parasites.
In 1981 it was estimated that approximately 10% of the world’s population was infected (=500 million).
The 3rd leading cause of death (malaria and schistosomiasis are numbers 1 and 2) with ,000 deaths/year worldwide.
The present global prevalence is considered to be E. histolytica 50 million.
Endemic amoebiasis is most prevalent in tropical areas of Central and South America, Africa and Asia(Pakistan, Indonesia, Nepal)

4. THE AMOEBAE
Amoebae are characterized by possessing clear protoplasm which form pseudopodia. These pseudopodia are the means by which these organisms move and engulf bacteria and red blood cells for feeding purposes. The most common amoebae seen in the intestinal tract are Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana and Iodamoeba bütschlii. All but Entamoeba histolytica are thought to be non-pathogenic. The cysts can be identified in an ethyl acetate concentrate by the addition of iodine to reveal the characteristic inclusions and also by measuring the cyst using an eyepiece graticule. The trophozoites can be seen in a fresh saline preparation of the stool although accurate identification is on a permanently stained faecal smear

5. Entamoeba histolytica
There are a large number of species of amoebae which
parasitise the human intestinal tract. Of these Entamoeba
histolytica is the only species found to be associated with
intestinal disease. Although many people harbour this
organism world wide, only about 10% develop clinically
invasive disease thus the parasite has been shown to
present as two very differing clinical presentations.
The commensal or non-invasive luminal form where the parasite causes no signs or symptoms of disease.
The pathogenic or invasive form where the parasite invades the intestinal mucosa and produces dysentery or amoebomas and may give rise to extra-intestinal lesions via the blood, mainly to the liver.

6. Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites
Entamoeba histolytica cyst
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite present in the intestine causing Intestinal amoebiasis. (HES stain).

7. Serology
If visceral or hepatic amoebiasis is suspected serological tests should be done, as microscopic methods do not always reveal the characteristic trophozoites. The tests of choice are indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The search for E. histolytica / dispar is mainly carried out in Europe and North America, as there is a natural concern to ensure that patients, even in the absence of symptoms are not harbouring parasites that may lead to serious complications later on.

8. LIFE CYCLE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
Humans
Cysts and Trophozoites inhabit the large bowel
Penetration of bowel results in trophozoites being transported to liver, lungs, etc by blood stream.
Cysts and Trophozoites are excreted in faeces
Ingestion of Cysts by faecal-oral route

9. QUANTITATIVE STUDY on AMOEBIASIS

10. Comparative Data between
Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo
Amoebian Cap
Entamizole DS
Endamali
Placebo

11. Total Number of Patients Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo

12. Comparative Data between Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo (SIGN AND SYMPTOMS)

13. Comparative data between Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo (WATERY STOOL)

14. Comparative data between Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo (MUCUS MIXED WITH BLOOD)

15. Comparative data between Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo (STOOL WITH MUCUS)

16. Comparative data between Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo (STOOL WITH BLOOD)

17. Comparative data between Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo (INTERMITTENT DIARRHEA AND CONSTIPATION)

18. Comparative data between Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo (ABDOMINAL CRAMPS)

19. Comparative data between Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo (DIARRHEA WITH MUCUS)

20. Comparative data between Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo (FLATULANCE)

21. Comparative data between Amoebian Cap, Entamizole DS, Endamali & Placebo (DEHYDRATION)

22. CONCLUSION

23. THANK YOU