1. CHAPTER 13 How Populations Evolve
Modules 13.1 – 13.3

2. Clown, Fool, or Simply Well Adapted?
All organisms have evolutionary adaptations
Inherited characteristics that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce
The blue-footed booby of the Galápagos Islands has features that help it succeed in its environment
Large, webbed feet help propel the bird through water at high speeds

3. A streamlined shape, large tail, and nostrils that close are useful for diving
Specialized salt-secreting glands manage salt intake while at sea

4. 13.1 A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
13.1 A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution
Aristotle and the Judeo-Christian culture believed that species are fixed
Fossils suggested that life forms change
This idea was embraced by Lamarck in the early 1800s

5. While on the voyage of the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, Charles Darwin observed
similarities between living and fossil organisms
the diversity of life on the Galápagos Islands, such as blue-footed boobies and giant tortoises
Figure 13.1A

6. The voyage of the Beagle
Great Britain
Europe
North America
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Africa
Galápagos Islands
Equator
South America
Australia
Andes
Cape of Good Hope
Tasmania
Cape Horn
New Zealand
Tierra del Fuego
Figure 13.1B

7. Darwin became convinced that the Earth was old and continually changing
He concluded that living things also change, or evolve over generations
He also stated that living species descended from earlier life-forms: descent with modification

8. 13.2 The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution
Fossils and the fossil record strongly support the theory of evolution
Hominid skull
Petrified trees
Figure 13.2A, B

9. Fossilized organic matter in a leaf
Ammonite casts
Fossilized organic matter in a leaf
Figure 13.2C, D

10. Scorpion in amber
“Ice Man”
Figure 13.2E, F

11. Many fossils link early extinct species with species living today
The fossil record shows that organisms have appeared in a historical sequence
Many fossils link early extinct species with species living today
These fossilized hind leg bones link living whales with their land-dwelling ancestors
Figure 13.2G, H

12. 13.3 A mass of evidence validates the evolutionary view of life
Other evidence for evolution comes from
Biogeography
Comparative anatomy
Comparative embryology
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat
Figure 13.3A

13. Molecular biology Human Rhesus monkey Mouse Chicken Frog Lamprey
Last common ancestor lived 26 million years ago (MYA), based on fossil evidence
80 MYA
275 MYA
330 MYA
450 MYA
Figure 13.3B