1. C. PHYLOGENY
- the theoretical evolutionary history of a species
1. Cladogram
- diagram depicting the proposed evolutionary relationships of a group of species
these are also called phylogenetic trees
or family trees

2. A B D E F C a. example 1 A is the common ancestor of all vertebrates
B is the common ancestor of all land vertebrates
C is the common ancestor of all calcium shell laying animals
D is the common ancestor of animals with scales covering some or all of body
E is the common ancestor of all animals with a single opening in side of skull
F is the common ancestor of all animals with ‘wing-like’ limb bones
RAY-FINNED FISHES
AMPHIBIANS
MAMMALS
TURTLES
CROCODILES
BIRDS
DINOSAURS
TIME
PRESENT A B D E F C

3. note that all living species end up at the same point on the page eg
note that all living species end up at the same point on the page eg. dinosaurs are extinct
the length of the line indicates how long it has been since the species branched off

4. Example of a cladogram showing the relatedness of HIV isolates

5. b. Table pg 608 has information that will be used to build
b. Table pg 608 has information that will be used to build the cladograms on pg 609
c. Using Genetic Evidence
  pg 611 shows an example

6. lung fish
lamprey
pike
turtle
wolf
human
gorilla
grasping hands
bony shell
hair
lungs
jaws

7. Now work on “Cladogram worksheet”
#3  the cladogram here will include extinct species
assume that if a species does not change, it dies out
 on Moodle the pictures can be found if you wish to manipulate on the screen & print