1. Storms With Bill Nye

2. Thunderstorms
LIFE CYCLE:
Cumulus stage Mature stage Dissipating stage

3. Thunderstorms LIFE CYCLE: Cumulus stage
air rises (updraft) forming a cumulus cloud
updraft keeps precipitation from reaching the ground
Cumulus stage Mature stage Dissipating stage

4. Thunderstorms LIFE CYCLE: Mature stage
eventually precipitation is heavy enough to fall thru updraft & hit ground, producing a downdraft
Cumulus stage Mature stage Dissipating stage

5. Thunderstorms LIFE CYCLE: Dissipating stage
downdraft weakens the updraft, cutting off moist air rising to the cloud
cloud begins to evaporate
Cumulus stage Mature stage Dissipating stage

6. Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms form mainly along fronts – may last for days
Cumulus stage Mature stage Dissipating stage

7. Lightning A discharge of electricity from a:
thundercloud to the ground,
from cloud to cloud, or
within the cloud

8. Lightning - Inside Avoid contact with corded phones
Avoid contact with electrical equipment or cords. If you plan to unplug any electronic equipment, do so well before the storm arrives.
Avoid contact with plumbing. Do not wash your hands, do not take a shower, do not wash dishes, and do not do laundry.
Stay away from windows and doors, and stay off porches.
Do not lie on concrete floors and do not lean against concrete walls.

9. Lightning Desperation Position
Lightning - Outside
Stay away from metal objects, such as fences, poles and backpacks. Metal is an excellent conductor. The current from a lightning flash will easily travel for long distances
Do NOT seek shelter under tall isolated trees! The tree may help you stay dry but will significantly increase your risk of being struck by lightning. Rain will not kill you, but the lightning can!
Do NOT seek shelter under partially enclosed buildings
Stay away from tall, isolated objects. Lightning typically strikes the tallest object. That may be you in an open field or clearing.
Lightning Desperation Position

10. Tornado
Tornado: violently rotating column of air that usually touches the ground

11. Tornado Formation rotating updraft of air can rotate
mesocyclone: spinning column formed by rotating updraft
eventually, mesocyclone can touch ground & make tornado

12. Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale
Fujita Scale
Wind (mph)
Damage
F0 - Light Damage
< 73
Slight to chimneys, signs. Branches blown off trees.
F1 - Moderate Damage
Tiles off roofs; mobile homes/caravans lifted; cars blown off roads.
F2 - Considerable Damage
Mobile homes/caravans destroyed; cars lifted; large trees uprooted.
F3 - Severe Damage
Trains overturned; roofs blown off well-built houses; heavy vehicles thrown.
F4 - Devastating Damage
Well-built houses destroyed; large structures with weak foundations blown some distance away.
F5 - Incredible Damage
> 261
Strong framed houses lifted off foundations or blown away; Car sized missiles thrown over 100 meters.

13. Tornado Prediction
Conventional radar can show ‘hooks’ of precipitation within strong thunderstorms, but sometimes only shows hook once tornado hits ground – TOO LATE!
Doppler radar can show rotation within the clouds giving up to 20 minutes warning before tornado forms

15. Tornado
Tornado Watch indicates that conditions are right for a tornado to develop and that the sky should be watched. Be alert to changing weather conditions!
Tornado Warning indicates a tornado has been sighted or that radar indicates one has developed or could develop within minutes. Warnings will give the location of the tornado and the area immediately affected by the warning. When a warning is issued, move quickly to shelter!

16. What do I do?
Inside:
Move to an interior room, preferably underground or on the bottom floor
Protect your head & neck from flying debris
Outside:
Move inside if possible
If in a car, get OUT of the car & lie down flat on the ground, preferably in a ditch away from the car & anything that might fall on you.

17. Hurricane The Power of Hurricanes (4 min 3 sec)
Large rotating storm of tropical origin with sustained winds of at least 119 km/hr or 74 mph; usually occur in late summer, early fall
The lose energy when they travel over land and have a very LOW pressure system

18. Formation
Eye: extremely low pressure center of the hurricane; air sinks here, so no clouds & very calm
Eye wall: ring of violent thunderstorms around the eye; strongest wind & rain are here

19. Characteristics of a Hurricane
Hurricane classified by wind speed from tropical depression to tropical storm to hurricane

20. Effects of a Hurricane
Storm surge: large wave of water caused by a low-pressure system
High winds create large waves to damage coast & cause flooding
Worst damage happens to right of hurricane in N hemp, because wind blows counterclockwise around the low, so the strongest winds are on the right

21. Saffir/Simpson Scale

22. Saffir/Simpson Scale
minor hurricane, mph wind, minimal damage
catastrophic hurricane, >155 mph wind, buildings destroyed & full evacuation, catastrophic damage 1 5

23. What do I do? If there is an evacuation order, EVACUATE IMMEDIATELY!
Cover windows with plywood to protect them from flying debris
Secure all outside furniture
Danger is in high winds & flooding
Beware of the calm at the eye. The storm isn’t over yet!

24. Blizzard
winter storm with winds of 35mph or more with considerable falling or blowing snow causing low visibility

25. Categorizing a Blizzard
Sustained winds of 35+ mph
Must last for at least 3 hours
Winds can become high enough to create whiteout conditions which means visibility is less than a 1/4 of a mile
Blizzards usually happen after there’s been a lengthy (long) period of cold weather.
Blizzards are most common in the northern Great Plains.

26. What do I do?
If a blizzard is predicted, purchase supplies ahead of time to last at least a week.
Once the storm starts, STAY INSIDE! You can survive without food & melt snow for water. You cannot survive without shelter.
Don’t go outside for any reason. Visibility is often so low you’ll get lost between your front door & the car.

27. Nor’easter
low pressure system along East coast that blows strong winds from the northeast; not cold enough for a blizzard usually, but very strong winds & damage

28. Human Effect on Climate & Atmosphere

29. Human-Induced Climate Change
1. Greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide, methane & water vapor are produced by burning fossil fuels
2. High-energy radiation from the sun enters the atmosphere, but low-energy radiation leaving Earth is trapped by the greenhouse gases, keeping the heat in & increasing average global temperatures.

30. Greenhouse Effect

31. Ozone Layer
1. Located in the stratosphere & protects us from ultraviolet radiation
2. Chemicals from aerosols & air conditioners, called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are low-density, so float up to the ozone layer, reacting with it, allowing UV radiation through to Earth’s surface

33. Bibliography