1. MGMT 203 Aviation Safety and Security
Module 5

2. THIS DAY IN AVIATION October 19
1928 — Six enlisted men make parachute jumps from separate planes over Brooks Field, Texas, secure machine gun dropped by parachute and begin firing within three minutes after leaving planes.

3. THIS DAY IN AVIATION October 19
1968 — USAF test pilot Major William "Pete" Knight wins the Harmon international aviator's trophy for "exceptional individual piloting performance".

4. Questions / Comments

5. Management of Aeronautical Science
Learning Objectives – Module 5 (10/10/16 – 10/23/16) Aviation Safety and Security
Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:
1.Define the four principles of a safety management system.
2.Differentiate between production and protection in a safety management system.
3.Demonstrate how the four pillars of safety management are the basic building blocks of safety management.
4.Explain how the FAA Air Transportation Oversight System (ATOS) can identify safety trends to prevent accidents.
6.Define the Aviation Safety terms used in Advisory Circular
Wednesday

6. Management of Aeronautical Science
Learning Objectives – Module 5 (10/10/16 – 10/23/16) Aviation Safety and Security
Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:
7.Examine the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) roles, responsibilities, and structure. From a management standpoint, interpret why you should review the NTSB report.
8.Describe the 5 M Model factors and its usage.
9.Describe the SHEL Model and its usage.
5.Examine the roles and structures of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), and General Accountability Office (GAO).
Thursday
Friday

7. Questions / Comments

9. September/October 2016
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday 2 3
Module 4
Aircraft Systems / Maintenance 4
Aircraft Systems / Maintenance 5
Discussion Due 6
Beaufort County Airport (ILT) 7
Review Questions Due
Flightline Friday 8 9 10
NO SCHOOL 11 12
1st Quarter Grades Due 13 14
Report Cards Sent Home 15 16 17 18 19
Module 5
Intro
Aviation Safety and Security 20 21
Flightline 22

10. Discussion: 5.2 - Video: FAA System Safety Film : Wed Oct 19
Your post should be a minimum of 300 words with at least, two sources cited. Respond to at least two of your classmates. Your responses to classmates should be at least 100 words and contribute to the continuing conversation.

11. Discussion: Safety Hazardous Situation: Wed Oct 19

12. Module 5 Review Questions (Due Fri Oct 21)
Spend quality time responding to the following questions in your own words.
1. Define the four principles of a safety management system (SMS).
2. Demonstrate how the four pillars of safety management are the basic building blocks of safety management.
3. Explain how the FAA Air Transportation Oversight System (ATOS) can identify safety trends to prevent accidents.
4. Examine the roles and structures of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), specifically, address the aviation role for security.
5. You have been tasked by your CEO to analyze 14 CFR Part 119. Your airline is in the planning stages and he wants you to examine what is required for an airline safety program and also a specific safety management position responsible for the program. Please analyze his request in one or two paragraphs.

13. Assignments Due – Module 5 (10/10/16 – 10/23/16)
Management of Aeronautical Science
Assignments Due – Module 5 (10/10/16 – 10/23/16)
Review Module 5 Instructions for the following assignments:
Discussion Board Due (Video FAA System Safety)
(Due - Wed Oct 19) – 2 part (Post and Respond)
Discussion Board Due (Safety Hazardous Situation)
Review Questions – Aviation Safety and Security
(Due - Fri Oct 21) – 5 Questions

14. Questions / Comments

15. MGMT 203 Aviation Safety and Security
Module 5

16. Safety

17. Safety Freedom or protection from harm, damage, injury, or death.
Must have an understanding of safety standards, regulations, and laws.
Achieved by doing things right the first time, every time.
Develop a “safety-first” culture that supports a safe and healthy work environment.

18. Aviation Safety Aviation safety is a part of everyone's job
High risk area
Uncertainty that an incident or accident may occur.
What risks are acceptable or not acceptable?
Risk changes over time
High time, cycles, aging equipment, weather, etc.
Active risk management is essential in safety programs.

19. Aviation Safety
Flight line and ramp areas are a very dynamic environment.
Human factors issues must be examined.
Flight line layout must be designed to prevent accidents.
Flight line vehicle operations and standards.
Aircraft taxiing and parking.
Ground handling requirements.
Aviation Safety terms identified in Advisory Circular A.

20. FAA Guidelines Title 14 CFR Part 119
Must have a Safety Management System
Director of Safety (Part 119)
Must be qualified based on experience, training and expertise.
Develops and implements safety program.
Must understand aviation safety standards and operating practices.
See FAA site for specifics on Aircraft Safety

21. System Safety Use systematic engineering and management techniques.
Make products or services as safe as possible for all life cycle phases.
A complete system approach applied throughout complete life cycle.
Identify
Analyze
Assess
Control hazards and risks

22. Safety Management System (SMS)
Developed by Professor James Reason
Purpose is to manage safety risks
Systematic and comprehensive approach
A business-like approach to safety by integrating supporting programs.
Provides for goal setting, planning, and performance measurement. 22 22

23. Safety Management System (SMS)
Four principles include
Safety which consists of risk management
Management for safety assurance
Teamed with quality management concepts
System approach
Safety culture throughout the organization 23 23

24. Safety Management System (SMS)
4 Pillars or components of SMS
Safety Policy and Objectives
Management commitment and responsibility to improve safety
Safety Risk Management
Hazard and risk identification
Risk assessment and mitigation
Safety Assurance
Monitoring and measuring safety performance
Continuous improvement
Safety Promotion
Communication, training, promoting a positive safety culture
Considered the basic building blocks or foundation

25. FAA Air Transportation Oversight System (ATOS)
Has 3 functions for the system
Design assessment
Performance Assessment
Risk management
FAA aviation safety inspectors performing certification and surveillance of the air carrier’s system by evaluating the following
Responsibility
Authority
Procedures
Controls
Process Measurements
Interfaces

26. Management Considerations
Research standards
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
National Safety Council
Do not forget union collective bargaining agreements or contracts

27. Management Considerations
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Found at specific manufacturer’s site
May be called the Product Safety Data Sheet
Considerations
Exposure limitations
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requirements
Flash point
Temp at which a liquid will begin to give off ignitable vapors
Fire point
Temp at which there are sufficient vapors to support a fire (Flame)

28. Management Considerations
4 steps to resolve the hazard in this sequence
Engineering solution
Controlling solution
Personnel solution
Protective equipment solution

29. Management Considerations
4 steps to resolve the hazard
Engineering Solution
This is the first action to take to resolve the hazard.
Can the equipment or work environment be changed to prevent a potential hazard?
Use engineering controls to eliminate the potential hazard.

30. Management Considerations
4 steps to resolve the hazard
Controlling Solution
Can we change the way employees do their job to remove the potential hazard?
Change procedures
Guard or lock out provisions and implementation
Housekeeping and maintenance
Job rotation of workers

31. Management Considerations
4 steps to resolve the hazard
Personnel Solution
Signage
Training
Safety meetings

32. Management Considerations
4 steps to resolve the hazard
Protective Equipment Solution
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Eyes = safety glasses, goggles
Face = face shields
Head = hard hats
Feet = safety toe shoes, electrician shoes
Lungs = respirators, masks
Hands and arms = gloves
Bodies = vests
Hearing = earplugs, earmuffs
Go to OSHA General Requirements

33. Questions / Comments

34. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
Independent federal agency
Responsible for investigating all transportation accidents
Aviation
Railroad
Highway
Marine
Pipeline
Hazardous materials safety
Determine probable cause of the accident and provide recommendations. 34 34

35. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
Mission
Investigates transportation accidents
Determine the probable cause
Issue safety recommendation
Study transportation safety issues
Evaluate the government agencies involved in transportation
NTSB go-team dispatched to accident site
Accident reports are available at NTSB.gov
Recommend reviewing reports to identify lessons learned

36. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
Investigates accidents involving air traffic control, training, midair collisions, newly certified aircraft/engines, and in-flight fire or breakup.
General aviation accidents
In some cases delegated to the FAA for fact finding
NTSB does probable-cause determination

37. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
United Nations specialized agency that has member states
Annex 6 requires operators to have Safety Management Systems
Incorporated Safety Management Systems into Annex 11 and 14
ICAO accident investigation manual and narrative reports in ICAO Annex 13

38. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
ICAO’s Eight Critical Elements (CE) for safety oversight
Primary aviation legislation
Specific operating regulations
State civil aviation system and safety oversight functions
Technical personnel qualification and training
Technical guidance, tools and the provision of safety-critical information
Licensing, certification, authorization and approval obligations
Surveillance obligations
Resolution of safety concerns

39. SHEL Model, Edwards 1972 System design model Consists of 4 parts
Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware
Humans
Consider interface between liveware and the other 3

40. SHEL Model Liveware Environment Humans
Data from Ergonomics/HF engineers
Looks at interactions between complete system (liveware to liveware)
Pilots, ATC, mechanics, etc.
Crew resource management training
Environment
All those factors that system designers have no control over
Look at aircraft and aerospace design test and evaluation
Stress testing, heat, radiation, pressures, weather, etc.

41. SHEL Model Hardware Software
Physical property such as buildings, vehicles, equipment, materials, etc.
Data from engineers
Software
Governs how system operates and how information within it is organized.
Procedural changes
Software cannot be in conflict with liveware (human).
Must consider human interface with graphics, symbols, etc.

42. 5 M Model 5 Factors Use as a checklist for fact finding and analysis
Man (Human)
Machine
Medium
Mission
Management
Use as a checklist for fact finding and analysis
Recommend a cause and effect diagram

43. 5 M Model

44. Man (Human) Man-machine interface Training Skill and performance
Human factors
Proficiency
Skill and performance
Motivation
Selection
Illness, fatigue, or alcohol

45. Machine Aviation Technology Aircraft, engine, propeller, etc.
Fly-by-wire
Computers
Improvements in communication-navigation
Global positioning systems
Improved weather systems
Improved collision avoidance systems
Data link
Fail-safe features and reliability

46. Medium Environment Conditions Weather Physical Facility Obstructions
Air traffic control
Airports
Navigation aids
Airfield lighting
Obstructions

47. Mission Objective is mission accomplishment Purpose of the operation
Level of understanding
Incompatibilities or capabilities

48. Management Predominant role Management support
Responsible for safety and accident prevention
Note: Safety is everybody's business
Controls in place
May have inadequate procedures, standards, and controls

49. Incident Reports Incident is a near miss or near accident
Reviewed as a predictor of an accident
To prevent accidents, collect data on incidents
Some examples
Inflight fire
Propulsion related events or near accident
Flight control malfunction or failure
Inflight failure of systems
Aircraft evacuation where an emergency egress system was used

50. Hazard Reports
Provide a method for personnel to bring hazards to management attention without any fear of retribution.
User-friendly reporting system
Keep the forms simple
Management should acknowledge all reports
Provide feedback
Take action to remove the hazard
Prioritize the identified hazards and corrective action

51. National Aviation Hazard Reporting Systems
NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS)
FAA Accident Incident Data System
FAA Databases

52. NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS)
Contains reports by pilots and air traffic controllers concerning errors and operational problems.
Database is maintained at Battelle Laboratories in Columbus, Ohio.
Reporter's identity not revealed

53. FAA Accident Incident Data System
Accident data provide measurements of aviation safety.
Data fields
Location information
Aircraft information
Operator information
Narrative
Findings
Weather/environmental information
Pilot information

54. FAA Databases Available at http://www.faa.gov/
Go to accident and incident data
Review the data on the next screens
Preliminary Accident and Incident Reports
Final Data
General Aviation
NTSB Databases

55. Results of an Accident Loss of life or injury
Loss of productivity of injured personnel
Cost of hiring and training replacement personnel
Fines and citations
Title 14 CFR Part 13
EPA
OSHA
Cost of investigation
Cost of cleanup
Loss of equipment use
Cost of rental or lease of replacement equipment

56. Results of an Accident
Increased operating costs on remaining equipment
Increase in aircraft utilization due to loss of aircraft
More operation = higher maintenance costs
Loss of spares or specialized equipment
Cost of corrective action
Legal fees resulting from the accident
Increased insurance premiums
Liability claims in excess of insurance
Loss of business and damage to reputation
What is your company's attitude toward safety?

57. Accidents
In 1988, Aloha Airlines B737 indicated ability to inspect airplanes for cracks wasn't adequate.
In 1989, DC-10 crash at Sioux City, Iowa resulted from the violent failure of #2 engine compressor disk and subsequent loss of all hydraulics.
On May 11, 1996, Value Jet Flight 593 crashed in the Everglades shortly after takeoff.
Failed to prepare chemical oxygen generators for air cargo.
Failed to comply with maintenance training and hazardous materials shipping requirements.
FAA did not require smoke detection and fire suppression systems in class D cargo compartments.

58. Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Management responsibility to perform for each major job.
Evaluate new jobs or existing jobs.
Some companies require a copy in the HR department.
Break down a specific task into separate steps.
Hazards or unsafe work methods are then identified.
Identify the controls that are necessary to remove hazards.

59. Training Program Requirements
Orientation training (new employee training)
Mandated training programs
HAZMAT, OSHA, etc.
Specific training based on responsibilities (Pilots, maintenance, ground handling, etc.).
Recurring safety training
Fire extinguisher
Materials handling
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
First aid and CPR training
Aviation safety
Emergency response
Investigation and inspection training

60. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Critical component of the safety program.
Challenge is making employees comfortable with PPE.
Be sensitive to fit, comfort, and style issues.
OSHA requires that PPE be selected on the basis of a comprehensive risk assessment.
Involve employees in all aspects of the PPE program.
Use reinforced by supervisors and managers.

61. PPE Training Program for Employees
OSHA recommends training program
Remember the new employee orientation
Employees need to understand why PPE is important, and how to properly use it.
OSHA requires the employer to pay for basic minimal PPE.

62. Security

63. Security Requirements
Everyone’s responsibility
Protection from security issues
Unauthorized personnel access
Hijackings
Sabotage
Bombing
Terrorism

64. Department of Homeland Security
Homeland Security Act November 19, 2002
Established U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Secure the United States from terrorist attacks and security vulnerability.
There are many organizations under DHS
Three main are
Coast Guard
Customs Service
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
Moved from Department of Transportation to DHS in March 2003
Available at

65. Transportation Security Administration
Response to September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks by using aircraft as weapons.
American Airlines Flight 11 (World Trade Center)
United Airlines Flight 175 (World Trade Center)
American Airlines Flight 77 (Pentagon)
United Airlines Flight 93 (Forced into field by passengers)
November 19, 2001, the security responsibilities transferred from FAA to the Transportation Security Administration (TSA).
Screen passengers and cargo
Inspect luggage and vehicles
Provide air marshals

66. Transportation Security Administration
Moved to U.S. Department of Homeland Security in March 2003.
Responsible for the security and protection of the U.S. national transportation systems.
All modes of transportation
Aviation
Deploy security personnel at airport secure areas
Access point surveillance
Establish acceptable performance levels
Deploy sufficient detection devices
Explosive detection systems
Implemented risk-based management to evaluate vulnerabilities.

67. Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
Title 49, CFR, Chapter XII Transportation Security Administration Regulations
Parts 1500 to 1699

68. Security Requirements
Title 14 CFR Part 108 Aircraft Operator Security.
Title 49 CFR Part 1544, Aircraft Operator Security: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators.
Title 49 CFR Part 1548, Indirect Air Carrier Security.
Title 49, CFR, Chapter XII Transportation Security Administration Regulations.

69. Airport Security Everyone's responsibility
All airport employees
Security foundation starts at both the landside and airside.
Guidance contained in the following documents
Title 49 CFR Part 1542 Airport Security
TSA. (2011) . Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design and Construction. Available at

70. General Accountably Office (GAO)
Independent agency
Investigates how federal funds are spent
Investigates specific topics such
Government operations
Transportation
Safety
Security, etc.
Called the congressional watchdog
GAO reports are available at

71. Management Considerations
Security
Develop an effective security program
Develop a security plan
Security vulnerability assessments
Audit programs
Research regulations, lessons learned, and best practices
Security training program
Recommend checklists to be used to identify security threats and proper operations.

72. References
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2008). FAA-H Pilot's handbook of aeronautical knowledge. Oklahoma City OK: United States Department of Transportation.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2010). AC A Safety management systems for aviation service providers. Washington DC: United States Department of Transportation.
Rodriques C. C., & Cusick, S. K. (2012). Commercial aviation safety. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Sheehan, J. J. (2013). Business and corporate aviation management (2nd. ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.