1. Welcome,
See updated details at

2. The Affairs of Crystal Lake
The 1890s
The Roaring 20s
After the War
And Into Today
… something’s happening here , what it is ain’t exactly clear. Buffalo Springfield

3. ? ? History in the Mud Sand → → → → Muck Organic Matter (%DW) 10 20 3010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Organic Matter (%DW) ?
Distance from Water Surface (cm) ?
Image courtesy of
Swiss Federal Institute
of Aquatic Science
and Technology
Sand → → → → Muck

4. Hydrology 101 Surface fed lake with inflow and outflow

5. Basics of Crystal Lake

6. Basic hydrology of the area surrounding Crystal Lake

7. Groundwater & Crystal Lake
Considered a Seepage Lake
General flow of groundwater is from north to south toward the Menominee river.

8. Analysis of Crystal Lake
Monitoring well locations around Crystal Lake

9. Groundwater Profiles

10. Groundwater Profiles

11. 3D contour of groundwater table on 4/25/2007
Crystal Lake

12. Factors Influencing Lake Levels
Regional Water Table
Stormwater Inputs
Stormwater Diversion

13. Factors Influencing Lake Levels
Regional Water Table
Stormwater Inputs
Stormwater Diversion

14. Well Level is average of 1,5,7

16. Factors Influencing Lake Levels
Regional Water Table
Stormwater Inputs
Stormwater Diversion

17. Water Balance of Crystal Lake

18. Stormwater Dissipation
Effects of Storm Events
Stormwater Dissipation
10-yr
50-yr
100-yr
Inches of rain/24-hr
3.2 4
4.5
Inches of lake level 12 17 20
Time to dissipation (days) 25 35 40

20. Factors Influencing Lake Levels
Regional Water Table
Stormwater Inputs
Stormwater Diversion

22. Effects of Groundwater vs. Storm Event
Effect of Groundwater
Almost 6 feet
Effect of 100 Year Storm Event
Approximately 20 inches
Dissipated over 30 days
Effect of Removing Stormwater
Less than 6 inches over average summer
Recharged by snow melt in spring

23. Bathymetric Survey Augering Holes to Record Depths
Taking Rod Measurements
Transporting Auger

24. Bathymetric Survey
Current Water Depth
Sediment Thickness

25. Bathymetric Survey
Current Water Depth
Historical Depths

26. Crystal Lake Bathymetric Survey

27. The Affairs of Crystal Lake
Water Quality Issues

28. Stormwater Main Factors Affecting stormwater quality
-geographical location
-percentage of imperviousness
-land use
-type of conveyance
-controls in the watershed
Sample analysis methods
Type of sampling procedure

29. Is it Legal?
The City of Iron Mountain is not required to obtain a permit
Only systems which service a population >100,000
“We have made it clear to the city that a stormwater discharge to an inland lake is highly undesirable and should be avoided if possible” (Jack W. Rydquist, MDNR, Regional Supervisor Surface Water Quality Division).

30. Coliforms in Crystal Lake
E. coli tested in Crystal Lake
E. coli is not disease causing
Fecal matter contains disease causing organisms
Potential illnesses include
Giardia
Shigella
Norovirus
Giardiasis- Diarrhea, stomach crapms, excessive gas.
Salmanellosis = diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Hepatitis A = Anorexia, fever, nausea
E. coli bacteria

31. Coliforms-Causes and Effects
Direct Runoff
Stormwater
Sewage

32. = In the lake near the north stormwater pipe
= In the lake near the east stormwater pipe
=In the lake near the park
= In the stormwater pipes

33. Bacteria in Crystal Lake

34. Bacteria in Crystal Lake

35. Bacteria in Crystal Lake

36. Coliforms-Treatment Options
Use model to predict safety window
Eliminate stormwater input

38. Fish Kills in Crystal Lake
Fish found in Crystal Lake
Perch
Bullhead
Emerald
Shiner

39. Fish Kills in Crystal Lake39

40. Oxygen – Causes and Effects40

41. Oxygen – Management Options
Increase volume of lake
Meet SOD by adding oxygen
Remove sediments by dredging 41

42. Plants in Crystal Lake
Algae Macrophytes 42

43. Plants – Causes and Effects
Oligotrophic – scarcely fed
0-10 ug P/L
Mesotrophic – moderately fed
10-20 ug P/L
Eutrophic – well fed
> 20 ug P/L 43

44. Plants – Management Options
Reduce nutrient inputs
Increase
volume
of lake
Apply algaecide and harvest macrophytes 44

45. The Affairs of Crystal Lake
Methods of Restoration

46. Current Stormwater System

47. Previously Considered Options
Pump all stormwater to the Chapin Pits
Using Mud and Bear Lakes as natural filters for stormwater before entering Crystal Lake
Route stormwater directly to the Menominee River
Construction of a detention pond on the S.E. corner of the lake
In line treatment of all stormwater

48. No Action Alternative
Continuously monitor levels of coliform bacteria and post contact restrictions when levels are elevated.

49. Stormwater Treatment Option
Treat coliform bacteria in both outlets
Chlorine - expensive
U.V. Light Disinfection-inefficient
Pre-treatment unit to remove debris-only grit

50. Treatment Overview

51. Diversion – Iron Mountain Modifications

52. Diversion - Kingsford Modifications

53. Stormwater Diversion Option
Benefits both Kingsford and Iron Mountain
Costs could be shared between both cities
Additional Road costs could be associated with typical maintenance and reconstruction costs
Needed to obtain dredging permit

54. Stormwater Management Costs
No Action Alternative $0
Treatment (Chlorination)
$30,000 (initial)
$850,000 (per yr.)
Diversion
$2.9 million

55. Dredging
Objective:
The physical removal of phosphorus producing and oxygen consuming sediments.
Goals:
Method
Hydraulic
Mechanical
Extent
Partial
Full
Costs
DEQ Regulations
flexifloat.com

56. Method of Dredging Hydraulic Dredging Mechanical Dredging Cif.org
Everreadyindustrial.com

57. Dredging Layouts

58. Partial Dredging
Dredging down to meet specific quality goals in order reduce economic impact.
Excel Model

59. Cost Summary $26.00 per cyd Full Dredge $11 million
Partial $ million
Volume Varies
erdc.usace.army.mil

60. Dredging (Permit)

61. Permitting Disposal Locations Sediment Testing Impact assessment
Requirements
Sediment Testing
Metals or Chemicals
Impact assessment
Condition will not repeat

62. Benefits of Dredging Improve oxygen retention time
Resulting in improved fish life
Removal of decaying plant matter
Reducing oxygen demand
Increase lake depth
Assisting in macrophyte reduction
Removal of phosphorus
Limiting plant growth