1. Layers of the Earth

2. The Earth is made up of 3 main layers:
Crust
Mantle
Core

3. The Four Layers
The Earth is composed of four different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood. The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The outer core and inner core are even hotter with pressures so great you would be squeezed into a ball smaller than a marble if you were able to go to the center of the Earth!

4. Think of the layers of the Earth like the layers of a cake.

5. Use the Layers of the Earth Foldable to take notes

6. Land
Ocean
Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust
Crust

7. Crust
Ocean
Land
Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust
Thinnest layer of the Earth that ranges from only 2 miles in some areas of the ocean floor to 75 miles deep under mountains
Made up of large amounts of silicon and aluminum
Two types of crust: oceanic crust and continental crust
Composed of plates on which the continents and oceans rest
In depth teaching about the plates and their movement will occur in the next essential question

8. The Crust
The crust is composed of two rocks. The continental crust is mostly granite. The oceanic crust is basalt. Basalt is much denser than the granite. Because of this the less dense continents ride on the denser oceanic plates.

9. Upper Mantle
Convection Currents
Middle Mantle
Lower Mantle
Mantle

10. Mantle Solid but capable of flow (like hot asphalt or fudge)
Upper Mantle
Convection Currents
Middle Mantle
Lower Mantle
Mantle
Solid but capable of flow (like hot asphalt or fudge)
Thickest layer of the Earth (making up 70% of the Earth’s mass)
The hot material (magma) in the mantle rises to the top of the mantle, cools, then sinks, reheats, and rises again. These convection currents cause changes in the Earth’s surface
The movement of the lithospheric plates and the convection currents will be covered more in-depth during the next essential question.

11. The Lithosphere
The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere.

12. The lithosphere is divided into separate plates which move very slowly in response to the “convecting” part of the mantle.

13. The Lithospheric Plates
The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The plates "float" on the soft, semi-rigid asthenosphere.

14. The Asthenosphere
The asthenosphere is the semi-rigid part of the middle mantle that flows like hot asphalt under a heavy
weight. The puddy-like molten rock allows for movement in the layers above (plate tectonics).

15. Convection Currents
The middle mantle "flows" because of convection currents. Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking again --repeating this cycle over and over.

16. Convection Currents
The next time you heat anything like soup or water in a pan you can watch the convection currents move in the liquid. When the convection currents flow in the asthenosphere they also move the crust. The crust gets a free ride with these currents, like the cork in this illustration.

17. Mesosphere
The lower part of the mantle is stiffer than the asthenosphere due to the increased pressure. This stiff rocky layer extends down to the outer core.
Temperatures range from °F

18. Outer Core
Inner Core
Core

19. Outer Core Molten (liquid) metal that is about 4,700°C (8,500°F)
Located about 1,800 miles beneath the crust and is about 1,400 miles thick
Composed of the melted metals nickel and iron

20. Inner Core Solid sphere composed mostly of iron
It is believed to be as hot as 6,650°C (12,000°F)
Heat in the core is probably generated by the radioactive decay of uranium and other elements
It is solid because of the pressure from the outer core, mantle, and crust compressing it tremendously

21. The Earth is like a peach or a boiled egg
The Earth is like a peach or a boiled egg. Turn to a seat partner and discuss these analogies. Come up with another analogy and be prepared to share.

22. Lithosphere – Crust and Upper Layer of the Mantle
Inner Core Solid
Outer Core
Liquid
Mantle
Lithosphere – Crust and Upper Layer of the Mantle
Layer of the Mantle (asthenosphere) that consists of hot rock of tar-like consistency, which slowly moves

23. What do these two images tell us about the layers of the Earth?

24. Temperature increases as depth increases

25. Look at the information in the graph and table below
Look at the information in the graph and table below. What’s the relationship between depth and density/pressure?

26. Density and Pressure increase as depth increases

27. Which layer of the Earth has the greatest temperature, pressure, and density?
Core