1. Santalum album as a specialty seed oil source: A preliminary study
Upul Subasinghe
Department of Forestry and Environment Science
University of Sri Jayewardenepura
Sri Lanka
Dhanushka Hettiarachchi
Wescorp Group of Companies
Australia

2. Sandalwood – Santalum species
Family - Santalaceae
Wood scented by gods
Wood with heavenly smell

3. Uses of stem
Aromatic oil (perfumery)
Religious
Spiritual (meditation)
Cultural uses (marriages)
Crafts, Toys
Medicine

4. Sandalwood – Different species
(Family – Santalaceae)
S. acuminatum: Desert Quandong, Sweet Quandong (Australia)
S. album: Indian Sandalwood, White Sandalwood, Chandan
S. austrocaledonicum:  (New Caledonia, Vanuatu)
S. ellipticum: Iliahialoʻe Coast Sandalwood (Hawaii)
S. fernandezianum: Juan Fernández Islands
S. freycinetianum: Iliahi (Hawaii)
S. haleakalae: Iliahi (Hawaii)
S. lanceolatum: Northern Sandalwood (Australia)
S. macgregorii: Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
S. murrayanum: Bitter Quandong (Australia)
S. obtusifolium: (Australia)
S. paniculatum: Iliahi (Hawaii)
S. salicifolium: Willow leaf Sandalwood
S. spicatum: Australian sandalwood (Australia)
S. yasi: Yasi (Fiji, Niue, Tonga)

5. Aromatic oil (Santalol)
Heartwood
Essential oil (1-5%)
Santalol (50-75%)
Colour: Nearly colourless to golden yellow
Odour: Pleasant, sweet
Isolation Method: Steam/hydro distillation
α-Santalol
(41-55%)
β-Santalol
(16-24%)

6. Vegetable oil
Traditionally used as food, and for medicinal and cosmetics
Global demand for vegetable oils has steadily increased
Cosmetic industry to seek plant alternatives for oils and oleochemicals derived from fossil fuels
Omega-3 fatty acids have been a major focus of any oil used as a supplementary food and neutraceutical
Several oils have reached the food industry as specialty foods (avocado oil, macadamia nut oil, red palm oil)
There are specialty oils known as boutique oils used in cosmetic and personal care industry (aragon oil, jojoba oil, shea butter)

7. Properties of vegetable oils in cosmetic industry
Used as a carrier or non-aqueous medium
Provide physical feel and protection on skin such as moisturising and elasticity
Major lipid components provide nutrition
Minor lipid components activate principles on skin such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
Usually cosmetic industry requires oils which have a high oxidative stability and distinctive odour or flavour
Specialty oils can add to the market and consumer appeal

8. Australian sandalwood seed oil
Seed kernel is rich in a drying fixed oil (50-60%),
Characterised by containing a high percentage of unusual acetylenic fatty acids such as ximenynic acid and a high percentage of oleic acid
Commercial production based from plantations has just commenced as a novel cosmetic ingredient

9. Santalum album
Sandalwood distribution in Sri Lanka

11. Growth under natural conditions
Growth rate:
Dbh: 0.3 to 1.0 cm yr-1
Height: 0.2 to 1.0 m yr-1
Maturity: after 25 to 30 years
Heartwood: not studied

12. Illegal felling
Problems Associated with Homestead Sandalwoods

13. Legal status Protected under the Flora and Fauna Protection Act (1964)
Recent amendment – in 2009 No 22
However, the above act is not valid if another regulation is more effective
Permission is needed for the product export
from: Department of Wildlife Conservation
Department of Forest Conservation
Department of Ayurvedic Medicine

14. Objectives of the present study
A preliminary attempt
Quantification of the seed parameters, lipid content and the fatty acid profile of Santalum album grown in plantations and home gardens of Sri Lanka.

15. Methodology Selected sites
Mature trees naturally growing in homegardens of Welimada (WM) area
4-year old plantation at Beragala (BG)
District
Ele, m
RF, mm
Temp, C
D, cm
H, m
Badulla

16. Methodology 100 seeds from each site (May-June 2013)
De-pulping and air-drying
Storage in cotton bags
Removal of seed coat (endocarp)
Size reduction of kernel
Weighing
Solvent extraction by Floch’s method
Solvent removal by rotary vacuum evaporator
Oil
Weighing and yield calculation
Transesterification and GC-MS analysis
Constituent analysis

17. Floch’s method:
Solvent - Hexane and Isopropyl acetate (3:2)
Extraction – At room temperature with stirring
Solvent renewal – Twice
Oil – Transesterified using methanolic KOH at room temperature
Non-aquas layer – Diluted (1000 folds) and subjected to GC-MS analysis with non-adecanoic acid (C19) as the internal standard

18. Results Parameter WM (Homegarden) BG (Young plantation)
Seed diameter, mm
5.57±0.05
6.26±0.05
Oil content%**
40.34±1.03
27.5±6.85
Ximenynic acid%
91.17±0.65
94.67±1.03
Palmitic acid%
0.36
0.31
Palmitolenic acid%
0.13
0.10
Stearic acid%
0.35
0.42
Linoleic acid%
0.26
0.38
Linolenc acid%
0.12
Steroloeic acid%**
1.05
0.56
** Significantly different

19. Results

20. Comparison with Australian sandalwood
Constituent %
WM (Homegarden) BG
(Young plantation)
Australian SW
Oil content
40.3
27.5
50.0
Ximenynic acid
91.2
94.7
30.9
Palmitic acid
0.36
0.31
3.4
Palmitolenic acid
0.13
0.10
0.7
Stearic acid
0.35
0.42
2.7
Linoleic acid
0.26
0.38
1.2
Linolenic acid
0.12
1.3
Steroic acid
1.05
0.56
1.0

21. Conclusions Seed diameter is larger in young plantation
Seed oil content is significantly higher in the seeds of mature trees
Ximenynic acid content is above 90% for both vegetations
Palmitic, Palmitolenic, Stearic, Linolic and Linolenic acid contents were
below 0.5% for both vegetations and not significant
v. Steroic acid content was significantly higher in seeds of the mature
trees than young plants
Ximenynic acid content is much lower in S. spicatum in Australia but the oil content is higher than in S. album in Sri Lankan

22. Thank You ....... Acknowledgement Sadaharitha Plantations Ltd
Former research students
Eranda Rathnamala
Udara Sampath
Thank You