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Impact of Microfinance on Poverty Alleviation
Presented By: Dipti Dhungel Nitesh Khatiwada Bipana Subedi Manish Dash Ranjita Mainalai Jamuna Acharya 4th March, 2016
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Poverty People having daily income less than $2
Not having access to basic requirements 25.2% live below poverty line Nepal ranked as 12th in South Asia
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Sources of Poverty Lack of Income Vulnerability to Income Fluctuations
Lack of Access Powerlessness
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Microfinance Microfinance is the provision of access to high-quality and affordable financial services to low-income households Intended objective of Micro finance Income-producing activities Building assets Stabilizing consumption Protecting against risks Fighting against poverty (Brau and Woller 2004:3, Duvendack et al. 2011, Robinson 2001, Yunus 1999)
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Microfinance It principally encompasses Microcredit Micro Savings
Micro-Insurance Money Transfers for the poor
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How Microfinance helps in Poverty Alleviation
Source: Systematic review of quantitative evidence on the impact of microfinance on the poor in South Asia, 2015
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World Scenario Poverty reduction was institutionalized in 1944, with the establishment of the World Bank at the birth of Bretton woods system. MFIs are contributing significantly to poverty reduction in Bangladesh and other South East Asian countries by creating income generation and self-employment opportunities for the poor people by providing microcredit.
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Poverty reduction through Microfinance
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Emergence of MF in Nepal
Started as rural credit in 1956 Establishment of cooperatives by government in 1963 1976, launching of a Sajha Program Small farmers development bank by ADBN in 1975 Enactment of cooperative Act in 1992
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Emergence of MF in Nepal
Initiation of priority sector lending by NRB Establishment of western and far western grameen bikas banks in 1992 Nirdhan and CSD launched microfinance program in and1994 Enactment of financial intermediaries Act in 1998
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Emergence of MF in Nepal
Introduction of BAFIA, classified microfinance as class D banks Establishment of RMDC and SKBBL in 1998 and 2001
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MFIs in Nepal D Class Development Banks FINGOs
Swabalamban Bikas Kendra Development Project Services Nepal (DEPROSC Nepal) Jiwan Bikas Samaj Sahara (Cooperative Society)
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MFIs in Nepal A Class Commercial Bank directly involved in Deprived Sector Lending Bank of Kathmandu Laxmi Bank Limited Prabhu Bank NMB Bank
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MFIs in Nepal D Class Development Banks FINGOs
Swabalamban Bikas Kendra Development Project Services Nepal (DEPROSC Nepal) Jiwan Bikas Samaj Sahara (Cooperative Society)
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MFIs in Nepal Basis of operation Wholesaler Retailer
Rural Self-Reliance Fund (RSRF) Rural Microfinance Development Center (RMDC) Sana Kisan Bikas Bank Ltd (SKBBL) National Cooperative Development Bank (NCDB) Commercial Banks Retailer It includes all 41 microfinance institution.
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Microfinance Vs. Poverty
Microfinance has helped in reduction of Poverty A Story from Kathmandu “Microfinance leads Sharmila out of Poverty Trap” Source: State of Microfinance in Nepal, 2009
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Change in Wealth Status
Before After Average Annual Income (Rs.) 8723 9417 Average Loan from Money Lenders(Rs.) 479 Average Landholding size (Ha) 0.396 0.394 Type of House Roof Concrete Corrugated Sheet Slate Thatch Not Specified 12.1 27.1 15.9 36.1 8.8 18.6 35.3 15.0 19.8 11.3 Household Possessing Radio (%) 50.5 55.1 Household Possessing Television (%) 19.6 28.4 Household Possessing Hand pumps (%) 13.8 20.3 Source: Impact Evaluation of Microfinance Programs in Poverty Reduction
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Change in Principal Occupation
Before (%) After (%) Agriculture Farming 56.0 48.0 Wage Labor 13.8 11.9 Service 8.0 5.6 Petty Trade 11.1 23.2 No Occupation 2.3 2.5 No Response 3.1 Trade allows high frequency of cash inflow, affects income Source: Impact Evaluation of Microfinance Programs in Poverty Reduction
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Change in Food Sufficiency
Before (%) After (%) Less than 3 Months 15.9 7.7 3-6 Months 43.8 25.9 6 Months – 1 year 36.7 49.0 Surplus 3.5 17.3 Source: Impact Evaluation of Microfinance Programs in Poverty Reduction
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Change in Literacy Status
Before (%) After (%) Illiterate 48.0 10.2 Literate 52.0 89.8 Change in Education Level Education Level Before (%) After (%) Non Formal 46 218 Primary 68 73 Lower Secondary 57 60 Secondary 42 43 SLC 23 Above SLC 13 Source: Impact Evaluation of Microfinance Programs in Poverty Reduction
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Change in Schooling of Children
Before (%) After (%) Sending Son to School 80.4 84.1 Sending Daughter to School 76.4 Type of School Government Private 85.2 14.8 85.1 14.9 Source: Impact Evaluation of Microfinance Programs in Poverty Reduction
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Change in Consumption of Nutritious Food
Before (%) After (%) Fruits Consumption Once in Less than a week 25.5 30.9 Once in more than a week but less than a month 32.4 34.7 Once in more than a month 42.2 34.4 Meat and Fish Consumption 34.2 35.3 38.4 27.3 22.5 Egg Consumption 23.8 28.2 Source: Impact Evaluation of Microfinance Programs in Poverty Reduction
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Change in Social and Political Participation
Before (%) After (%) Membership of Social Organization 7.8 9.8 Attending Meeting of Social Organization 6.5 7.5 Position Held in Political Parties 2.3 2.5 Elected/Nominated in Local Government Bodies 1.5 Source: Impact Evaluation of Microfinance Programs in Poverty Reduction
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Changes Decision making role in Family Self Confidence
Awareness of Social Issues Awareness in Health Issues and Sanitation
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Poverty Alleviation in Nepal
Microfinance is an effective tool for bringing positive impact on the economic status of the respondents along with their family members (Adhikari and Shrestha, 2013). Microfinance programs have made significant contribution to reduce poverty (Acharya, 2011). Micro-finance leads to social and economic changes in the borrowers after the participation in the programs (Sharma, 2010). There is changes in the wealth status after participation in the microcredit program (Center for Policy Studies and Rural Development, 2004).
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Findings In Malasia: Microfinance has positive impact on household income of women borrowers who spent three years in the scheme as compared to new borrowers (Samer, Majid, Rizal, Muhamad, Halim, and Rashid, 2015). Africa: There is also no evidence of substantial gains along other dimensions of welfare, such as education and health in less then three years period (Banerjee, 2013). Africa: Poverty reduction can be achieved through alleviation measures through the use of microcredit and entrepreneurship development (Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 2011).
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Findings The number of microfinance institutions has a negative impact on the Gini index in Central African countries (Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 2011). Africa: Extensive use of microfinancing has shown to reduce extreme poverty among the users of microcredit. (The Clute Institute International Business & Economics Research Journal, 2009). Bangladesh: Microcredit may be a more effective remedy against poverty and vulnerability if it is complemented by other interventions (Zaman, 2004).
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Findings Pakisthan: Microfinance Scheme help people to improve their living standard and provide them financial opportunity to expand their business (Ayuub, 2013). India: Access and efficient provision of microcredit can enable the poor to improved quality of life (Bansal and Bansal, 2012). Bangladesh: Accessto microfinance contributes to poverty reduction, especially for female participants, and to overall poverty reduction at the village level (Khandker, 2005). Bangladesh: Study indicates that the extent of positive impact has not been equal for all program borrowers (Azad, 2004).
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Conclusions Despite the apparent success and popularity of microfinance there has been mixed evidence on its effects on the social and economic wellbeing of the poor (Duvendack et al. 2011, Stewart et al. 2010, 2012). Microfinance is certainly not a medicine for poverty, it has proved itself as a useful tool to fight against poverty It has provided important contribution in the country like Nepal , Bangladesh and Malaysia but it is not fruitful in the most undeveloped countries of Africa
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Conclusions Impact analysis of microfinance suggests that the majority of borrowers who already have some assets (or business skills and education) are more likely to succeed Development of microfinance has improved the living standard of rural people of Nepal Financial system approach and poverty lending approach both are beneficial for the poor
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Conclusions Attempts to examine the impacts of microfinance (Gaile and Foster 1996, Goldberg 2005, Odell 2010, Orso 2011) have shown that the methodology, tools and techniques used for assessing the impact suffer from several drawbacks me recent studies have shown its significant effect on poverty using household survey data. Using panel data at both participant and household levels in Bangladesh, Khandker (2005) confirms that microfinance programmes have a sustained impact in reducing poverty among the participants, especially females and a positive spillover effect at village level, thus contributing to national economic growth.
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Conclusions Other studies have shown that microfinance institutions (MFIs) have not reached the poorest of the poor in Asian countries (Weiss and Montgomery, 2005) or in Bolivia (Mosley, 2001). Thus the relationship between microfinance and poverty is still in question.
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Thank You!!
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