1. lesson 2
Marrakech
by George Orwell

2. Morocco (摩洛哥)

3. Map of Morocco

4. Flag of Morocco

5. About 2000 B.C. Morocco was settled by Berber tribes, then invaded by Arabs in the 7th century, bringing with them Islam.

6. In 1912, a Franco-Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones---
French Morocco
Spanish protectorate (保护国)
a southern protectorate
an international zone

7. area
total: 446,550 sq km land: 446,300 sq km water: 250 sq km

8. Natural resources: phosphates
iron ore
manganese
lead
zinc
fish
salt

9. Ethnic groups: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Population: ,725,847 (July 2005 est.)
Ethnic groups: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%

10. Independence: March 1956 (from France)
Language
Arabic (official)
French Spanish
Independence: March 1956 (from France)
U.N
the League of Arab States
OAU

14. Marrakech Overview
Marrakech souks and squares
Dining & Shopping
Outdoor Activities
Marrakech Events and Festivals
Some attractions

16. Marrakech overview
---It is the principal commercial center of Morocco
---It has extremely hot summers but mild winters
---Renowned for leather goods
--- the old city is like a labyrinth (迷宫 ) full of crooked, deadened streets

17. Marra ----go through, pass by
Kech ----rush, run quickly

18. Casablanca
Rabat
Marrakech

21. Djemaa El Fna (towards Souks)

22. Djemaa el Fna, Marrakech

24. The market 1

27. The market 2

29. leather
copperware
silver
silk or cotton
garments and wool rugs
carpets and blankets

30. Dining & Shopping

32. camel riding
Hiking
Microlight flights

33. Marrakech Events and Festivals
Faith Mouhara: Islamic New Year

34. Independence Day

35. Marrakech Popular Arts Festival

36. Attractions Koutoubia Mosque(库图比亚清真寺)

37. City walls and gates
Bab Agnaou
Bab Ksiba

38. Handicrafts and business
Souks

39. Background knowledge 2 George Orwell
about the author
about his works

40. George Orwell
( )
Eric Arthur Blair

42. Down and Out in Paris and London 1933
Such Such Were the Joys

43. Nineteen Eighty-Four

44. 动物农庄 Animal Farm

45. Homage to Catalonia
The road to Wigan Pier
Burmese Days

46. ‘A Clergyman's daughter’ ‘Coming Up for Air’...
‘Keep the Aspidistra flying’
‘A Clergyman's daughter’
‘Coming Up for Air’...

47. ‘Why I Write’ ‘Inside the Whale’
‘The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius’
‘Looking back on the Spanish War’
‘Politics and the English Language’
‘Notes on Nationalism’
‘The Prevention of Literature’

48. ‘Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool’
‘A Hanging’
‘Shooting an Elephant’
‘Charles Dickens’
‘Marrakech’
‘Literature and Totalitarianism’
‘Writers and Leviathan’

49. " Speaking the truth in times of universal deceit is a revolutionary act. "
" The great enemy of clear language is insincerity "
" All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. "

50. 1. sharp powers of observation and deep sympathy for suffering people. 
2. a deep sense of conviction and urgency.
3. English is clear, simple and direct, with no formality of embellishment.

51. why I write
(1) Sheer egoism
(2) Aesthetic enthusiasm
(3) Historical impulse
(4) Political purpose

52. Writing style and technique
Description
Narration
Exposition
Argumentation

53. Comparison and contrast Analysis
Definition
Listing
Examples
Classification
Comparison and contrast
Analysis

54. Discussion
1. Orwell used to say that the things of value are always political. Is this essay political? Why?
2. What and where is the central thought or thesis expressed?
3. How does the author achieve the thesis (objectively)?
4. How does the author develop his essay?
5. How does Orwell show his outrage at the misery of the native people successfully?
6. How is the text to be divided?

55. a. the burial of the poor inhabitants
b. An Arab Navvy begging for bread
c. The miserable lives of the Jews
d. Cultivation of the poor soil
e. The old women carrying firewood
f. native people’s respect for the colonizers--- humbleness and degradation of the native people

56. Organizational pattern
 Sect.1 (para 1--2)
objective presentation of Example 1
Sect.2 (para 3 ) the thesis ---- “All colonial empires are founded upon this fact”

57. Organizational pattern
Sect.3 (para4--7) Example The Arabian government employee is as poor as a beggar.
Sect.4 (para8--15) Example 3
the miserable life of the Jews

58. Organizational pattern
Sect.5 (para16--18) Example 4
The country is very poor.
How did George Orwell reveal the country is poor?

59. Organizational pattern
Sect.6 (para19--21) Example the miserable life of women
Sect.7 (para22--26) example 6
---conclusion

60. How does the author achieve the thesis (objectively)?
How does the author develop his essay?
How does Orwell show his outrage at the misery of the native people successfully?

61. details of text

62. Details of the text
As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later.
---a large number of small things moving through the air as a mass

63. The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, no women--threaded their way across the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, wailing a short chant over and over again.

64. threaded their way---picked their way through the piles of pomegranates, and taxis and camels
pome --- apple granate ---- having many seeds
chant--- words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice

65. “What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends.”
appeals to the flies--- the flies are attracted by the stench of the exposed dead body

66. “When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick.”
--- a piece of wasteland where the poor can bury their dead

67. "derelict" --- from the Latin word meaning “to abandon”
The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot.
"derelict" --- from the Latin word meaning “to abandon”
The burying ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.

68. How are people buried in Marrakech?
wail a short chant
hack an oblong hole
dump the body
fling over it a little of the dried-up earth

69. --- the rags which they were wearing as they stood there
“own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in”
--- the rags which they were wearing as they stood there

70. still more
-----more in addition; much more

71. still more 我对他的失败感到很遗憾，更为他的健康状况不佳感到惋惜。
I am sorry for his failure, still more for his ill-health.
每个人有权利享受自由，更有权利享受生活。
Everyone has a right to enjoy his liberty, still more his life.

72. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact.
---give sth a reason or starting point in sth., base on, ground on
eg. One should always found one’s opinions on facts.

73. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact.
All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animal (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings)

74. “Are they really the same flesh as your self. Do they even have names
“Are they really the same flesh as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects?”
---mankind, human beings
---sth. brown in color with no individual characteristics.

75. “They rise out of the earth，they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard “…
They are born. Then for a few years, they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.

76. ---force your way or pick your way
“Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way through the prickly pear, you notice that it is rather bumpy underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.”
---force your way or pick your way

77. Prickly pear

78. I was feeding one of the gazelles in the public gardens.

79. mid- 在半空中 中点 中途，[美]游艺场 （城市的）商业区与住宅区之间的地区 中东 midpoint midway midtown
in mid-air
midpoint
midway
midtown
Mideastern
在半空中 中点
中途，[美]游艺场
（城市的）商业区与住宅区之间的地区 中东

80. mid- 午夜 仲夏 期中 中秋 年中 五十年代中期 midnight midsummer mid-term mid-autumn
midyear
mid-fifties 午夜 仲夏 期中 中秋 年中
五十年代中期

81. “An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us.”
---abbreviation of “navigator”, an unskilled laborer, as on canals, roads etc.
---to move slowly sideways, especially in a shy or stealthy manner

82. …and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags.
--- to put or hide away in a safe place

83. How did George Orwell convey the deeper meaning in simple words?
How did George Orwell express his uncontrollable outrage in cool manner?

84. overcrowding ---
adv + v ing over-eating updating downgrading

85. and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. (simile)
---eyes covered with sores from malnutrition and lack of medical care or unhygienic condition

86. What do you think medieval ghettoes were like?

87. dark fly-infested booths that look like caves.
Small cell-like rooms that were dark like caves and full of flies.

88. “A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed.”
---to give circular shape to by rotating against a tool, as in a lathe
Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.

89. “and thanks to a lifetime of sitting in this position his left leg is warped out of shape.
---because of, on account of
---to bend, curve, or twist out of shape

90. ---(transferred epithet.) the Jews were in a frenzy , not the “rush”
“Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews,”
---(transferred epithet.) the Jews were in a frenzy , not the “rush”
Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.

91. “and every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury. “
Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.

92. A good job Hitler wasn't here.
---(BrE. colloquial) a fortunate state of affairs
多亏你来帮忙--不然我们真没法办。
It's a good job you were there to help. we couldn't have managed without you.

93. That's only for show ---
He is not really ill; he is just putting on a show.
She is fond of show.
He made a show of interest.
他的自我批评不是摆样子的。
His self-criticism was not made for show.

94. “In just the same way, a couple of hundred years ago, poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal.
---the use of sorcery or magic; communication with the devil
---a decent substantial meal

95. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. (synecdoche)
---a person with white skin
However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.

96. “In northern Europe, when you see a laborer ploughing a field, you probably give him a second glance.”
take a second glance---to look back and examine; to look twice to satisfy one’s curiosity

97. ---all countries or area in North Africa
“In a hot country, anywhere south of Gibraltar or east of Suez, the chances are that you don't even see him.”
---all countries or area in North Africa
---the Middleeast and Asian countries

98. (the) chances are that …
there is a chance that …
It is likely that---
可能她已经知道这消息了。
Chances are she's already heard the news.
很可能她要来.
The chances are that she'll be coming.

99. take in
He didn’t take in what he read because his mind was on something else.
Many a person has been taken in by that trick.
He took in whatever we told him.
When the sailor told about his adventure, the boys took it all in.
He needs time to take the situation in.

100. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.

101. “No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. “
No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas ( for these trips wouldn’t be interesting).

102. “for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an soil.”
Life is very hard for 90% of the people. They can produce a little food on the poor soil only with hard backbreaking toil.

106. What kind of people , according to the writer, are partly invisible
What kind of people , according to the writer, are partly invisible? Why does he stress this point?

107. “most of Morocco is so desolate…
----barren; (of a place) in a ruined and neglected state
1. If a place is desolate, it is empty of people and lacking in comfort.
2. If sb. is desolate, he feels very sad, lonely and without hope.
The forest was left desolate by the fire.
After the war the town was a desolate place.
She has been desolate since losing her job.

108. “Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, work their way slowly across the fields,”
--(simile)

110. lucerne
named from the French "Luzerne" (glow worn - from its shiny seeds) is more commonly called alfalfa. It is widely cultivated and used as forage.

111. The plough is a wretched wooden thing,
---poor in quality, very inferior

112. ---the layer of soil beneath the surface soil
“A long the edges of the fields channels are hacked out to a depth of thirty or forty feet to get at the tiny trickles which run through the subsoil.”
---to reach
---the layer of soil beneath the surface soil

113. ---thin and withered, looking like a mummy
All of them are mummified with age and the sun, and all of them are tiny.
---thin and withered, looking like a mummy

114. Why was the old woman surprised when the writer gave her a five-sou piece?

115. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.
She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community, that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.

116. Firewood was passing -- that was how I saw it.
---inversion

117. St. Bernard dog

118. para. 20
Why does the author expatiate on the miserable fate of the donkeys?
Are their any similarities between the donkeys and the old women? What are they?

119. Donkey and Woman Both are small. Both are overloaded.
Both are ill-treated.
Both are obedient yet devoted creatures.
Both have a miserable end.

120. I am not commenting, merely pointing to a fact.
--understatement

121. People with brown skins are next door to invisible.
----almost , the same as sth; almost as good/bad as sth; nearly; almost
These brown-skinned people are almost invisible.

122. 这病人差不多要死了。
The sick man is next door to death.
如果你被要求辞职，那和被解雇差不多。
If you are asked to resign from your job, it’s next door to being fired.
欺骗是近乎犯罪的行为。
Cheating is an act next door to crime.

123. Why does the writer reveal his feelings about the donkeys but conceal his feelings about the people?
What effect does this contrast have on the readers?

124. implication --- Women/humans are worse treated.
contrast
Donkey and Woman/humans
visible
invisible
implication --- Women/humans are worse treated.

125. As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward -- a long, dusty column, infantry , screw-gun batteries, and then more infantry, four or five thousand men in all, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.
--- a kind of small cannon
---moving slowly following the twisting and turning road
---2 onomatopoeic words describing the sound of boots and iron wheels

126. contrast
Stork -- north
Negro – south

127. They were Senegalese, Senegal: Republic of Senegal Capital--Dakar
population:
Capital--Dakar

128. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down “ khaki uniforms,”
---(British colloquialism) second-hand or ready-made clothing
The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready-made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well-built bodies.

129. ---elliptical sentence
“Not hostile, not contemptuous, not sullen, not even inquisitive.”
---elliptical sentence

130. “It was the shy, wide-eyed Negro look,
---with the eyes opened widely, as because of surprise, fear, lack of sophistication, etc.

131. ---in this case; while speaking of such things
“(and in this connection it doesn't matter two pence if he calls himself a socialist)”.
---in this case; while speaking of such things
---it doesn’t matter a bit.

132. I wish to make the following proposals in this connection.
In this connection, he appealed to the industrial countries to eliminate obstacles to the progress of the globalization of the world economy as soon as possible.

133. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?"
How much longer before they turn their gun around and attack us?
How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?"

134. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind.
Every white man, the onlookers, the officers on their horses and the white N.C.Os marching with the black soldiers, had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind.

135. so had the officers on their sweating chargers and the white N. C
so had the officers on their sweating chargers and the white N. C. Os marching in the ranks.
---a horse ridden in battle of on parade
---noncommissioned officer
---the body of soldiers of an army

136. the soldiers and cattle
The soldiers: passive plodding, earthbound, weighed down by heavy packs, sweating, uncomfortably hot,
cattle do not ask questions and follow their masters blindly

137. white bird/ scraps of paper
--- symbol of freedom

138. What did every white man think when he saw a black army marching past?

139. theme
---to expose the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies
---to denounce the evils of colonialism or imperialism

140. causes of their poverty
1. Colonization
2. Racial discrimination
3. Black people's ignorance
4. Poor natural conditions

141. He is outraged at the spectacle of misery.
1) through the careful choice of specific verbs
2) through the careful choice of the scenes
3) through the tone of description
4) by contrasting the sympathy for the donkey with the indifference towards the poor people in the colonies.

142. Orwell is the master of a terse lucid prose style.
the choice of scenes and the words
the significant descriptive details
his tone

143. Language 1. simple words, simple statements
2. the use of rhetorical questions
3. terse, lucid prose style
4. good diction 

144. rhetorical devices rhetorical question
Are they really the same flesh as your self?
Do they even have names?
Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects?

145. rhetorical devices 2. transferred epithet
there was a frenzied rush of Jews
(the Jews were in a frenzy)

146. rhetorical devices
3. synecdoche
a white skin is always fairly conspicuous
( a person with white skin)

147. rhetorical devices 4. simile
sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies
Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls

148. wail
cry
weep
sob
whimper
moan

149. frenzy
mania
delirium
hysteria

150. outrage
aggravate
enrage
provoke
infuriate