1. Chapter 5 The Psychoanalytic Approach: The Neo-Freudians

2. Alfred Adler ( )
Born in Vienna in 1870, the third of six children
Had a series of childhood illnesses, including pneumonia and rickets, and was nearly run over twice by carts in the streets
Was first pampered by his mother, then “dethroned” when his younger brother was born
Strove to overcome his sense of inferiority by studying furiously
Earned his medical degree in 1895
Became interested in Freud’s ideas, defended Freud, and was invited to join Freud’s inner circle
Split with Freud in 1911 and form his own Society for Free Psychoanalytic Research, later named the Association of Individual Psychology

3. Key concepts introduced by Adler
Striving for superiority
Inferiority complex
The social interest
Parental influences on personality development
The optimal parenting style
Problematic parenting styles
Pampering
Neglect
Birth order influences on personality
First borns: “problem children, neurotics, criminals, drunkards, and perverts”?
Middle borns: “de-throned” and therefore motivated to strive for superiority?
Last borns: pampered throughout their childhoods to the point of being spoiled?

4. Birth order differences: What the research findings actually show
Firstborns work hard to meet adult standards from an early age. They tend to achieve more in life and assume positions of greater responsibility, but they also tend to be more anxious and stressed.
Middle borns don’t stand out as a group. They tend to be more like firstborns, however, when the age gap between them and their older sibling(s) is large, rather than small.
Lastborns tend to be charming, sociable, and relatively popular with their peers. They can also be somewhat rebellious and unsatisfied with the existing “social order.”
Only children tend to resemble firstborns in many respects. They often feel particularly burdened by the responsibility of fulfilling their parents’ hopes and dreams for them.

5. Design of the study by Ickes and Turner (1983)
♂ with older sister(s)
♂ with younger sister(s)
♀ with older brothers
♂ with OS ─ ♀ with OB
♂ with YS ─ ♀ with OB
♀ with younger brothers
♂ with OS ─ ♀ with YB
♂ with YS ─ ♀ with YB

6. Birth order influences in mixed-sex dyads (Ickes & Turner, 1983)

7. Birth order influences in mixed-sex dyads (Ickes & Turner, 1983)

8. Birth order influences in mixed-sex dyads (Ickes & Turner, 1983)

9. Birth order influences in mixed-sex dyads (Ickes & Turner, 1983)

10. Birth order influences in mixed-sex dyads (Ickes & Turner, 1983)

11. Carl Jung (1875-1961) Was born in a small Swiss canton
As a child, he was a loner who was extremely introspective
Earned his medical degree in 1900
Began a correspondence with Freud, whom he met in 1907
Became Freud’s disciple and heir apparent, and accompanied Freud on his 1909 trip to the US
Broke with Freud in 1914 and spent the next seven years in virtual isolation
Emerged from this period with a new view of personality that built on many of Freud’s ideas but added many new and unique elements

12. Key concepts introduced by Jung
Identification of introversion–extraversion as a fundamental dimension of human personality
The collective unconscious
complemented the personal unconscious
represents the collective experience of the human species
Archetypes: primordial images found in all cultures at all times
Primary archetypes
The self
The shadow: the dark side of the self
The anima: the feminine aspect of the male
The animus: the masculine aspect of the female

13. Symbols and Associations
Jungian archetypes
Primary Archetypes
Primary Characters
Women Figures
Primary Situations
Symbols and Associations
The Self
The Hero
The Woman Figure
The Great Mother
The Quest
Light-Darkness
The Shadow
The Scapegoat
The Child
The Temptress
The Task
Water-Desert
The Anima
The Outcast
The Eternal Boy
The Platonic Ideal
The Initiation
Heaven-Hell
The Animus
The Devil Figure
The Superman
The Unfaithful Wife
The Journey
The Wise Old Man
The Divine
Couple
The Fall
The Trickster
God (or The Gods)
Death and Rebirth

14. Jungian archetypes in the movie Star Wars
Character
The Hero
Luke Skywalker
The Father
Ben Kenobi
The Anima
Princess Leia
The Wise Old Man
Yoda
The Shadow
Darth Vader
The Trickster
Han Solo

15. Erik Homberger Erikson (1902-1994)
His Danish father abandoned the family before he was born.
His mother married Dr. Theodor Homberger, whom he believed to be his real father.
He had identity problems that led him to resist becoming a physician and wander about Europe instead.
He met Anna Freud and her colleagues, acquired a Montessori teaching credential, and learned about the psychoanalytic approach.
He fled the Nazis in 1933 and moved to the US, where he published on ego psychology and proposed a psycho-social stage theory of personality development.

16. Key concepts introduced by Erikson
Ego psychology: emphasized the important functions of the ego
Acts as the mediator between the id, the superego, and the demands of external reality
Works to establish and maintain a sense of identity
Stable sense of identity (successful outcome)
Identity crisis (unsuccessful outcome)
Works to establish and maintain mastery over the environment
A psychosocial stage model of personality development
Viewed the conflicts at each stage as primarily psychosocial conflicts, rather than psychosexual conflicts
Added stages that extended throughout the entire lifespan, from infancy through old age

17. Erickson’s psychosocial stage theory

18. Karen Horney (1885-1952) Born in Hamburg, Germany in 1885
Resented her authoritarian father’s sexist attitudes
Determined to always be first in her class, to go to college, and then to medical school
Earned her medical degree in 1915
Studied to become a psychoanalyst and found much to criticize in Freud’s writings
Joined the New York Psychoanalytic Institute in 1934 but split with them in 1941 over differences of opinion
Established the American Institute for Psychoanalysis

19. Key concepts introduced by Horney
Neurotic adaptation styles
Moving toward others
Moving away from others
Moving with others
Moving against others
Neurotic shoulds: neurotic demands placed on oneself
Feminine psychology
Countered Freud’s concept of penis envy with her own concept of womb envy
Pointed out the more sexist aspects of Freud’s theorizing and called for a greater emphasis on social and cultural factors

22. Key concepts introduced by Horney
Neurotic adaptation styles
Moving toward others
Moving away from others
Moving with others
Moving against others
Neurotic shoulds: neurotic demands placed on oneself
Feminine psychology
Countered Freud’s concept of penis envy with her own concept of womb envy
Pointed out the more sexist aspects of Freud’s theorizing and called for a greater emphasis on social and cultural factors

23. Two ways to better integrate the real self and the ideal self in response to “neurotic shoulds”

24. Key concepts introduced by Horney
Neurotic adaptation styles
Moving toward others
Moving away from others
Moving with others
Moving against others
Neurotic shoulds: neurotic demands placed on oneself
Feminine psychology
Countered Freud’s concept of penis envy with her own concept of womb envy
Pointed out the more sexist aspects of Freud’s theorizing and called for a greater emphasis on social and cultural factors

25. Erich Fromm ( )
Was deeply troubled by the destructiveness of the first Word War he witnessed as a Jew living in an anti-Semitic environment
Sought answers in the psychoanalytic writings of Freud and the economic theory of Marx
Received his PhD in 1922 and studied psychoanalysis in Berlin
Emigrated to the US when the Nazis gained power in Germany
Published his influential book Escape from Freedom in 1941
Taught at several universities in the US

26. Key concepts introduced by Fromm
The rise of modern democracies brought people freedom
But this freedom, and the responsibility it carried with it, was intimidating and overwhelming
People therefore looked for ways to escape from freedom and responsibility
through authoritarianism
through destructiveness
through automaton conformity
Positive freedom requires spontaneity and results in individuation

27. Views of religion held by psychoanalytic theorists
Sigmund Freud was an atheist who thought that religion was “the opiate of the masses,” and viewed it as a type of collective wish fulfillment.
The son of a minister, Carl Jung struggled with religious issues throughout his life but felt that the universality of the God archetype attested to its importance.
Erich Fromm drew a strong distinction between authoritarian religions and humanistic religions, and argued that the first type require people to deny their own identity whereas the second type provide opportunities for personal growth.

28. Jung’s eight psychological types Attitude
Function
Extraversion
Introversion
Thinking
Focus on learning about the external world. Practical, objective thinker. Interested in facts.
Interested in understanding own ideas. Reflective. Interested in philosophical issues and the meaning of one’s own life.
Feeling
Likely to be moody, capricious. Easily conforms to a group. Likes to follow fads and fashions. Can be highly emotional at times.
Has deep emotional experiences, but keeps them to himself or herself. Often a nonconformist.
Sensing
Interested in experiencing the external world. Often sensual, and can become obsessed with pleasure seeking. May live for the moment.
More interested in own thoughts and inner sensations than in external objects. May express self through art or music in idiosyncratic ways.
Intuiting
Constantly seeking new challenges and interests in the external world. Gets bored easily. Enjoys novel situations.
Likes to explore new and different ideas but has difficulty developing insights or communicating them to other people.

29. Optimal career settings for personality types
Extraverts
Work requiring group interactions, meeting with people
Introverts
Quiet, solitary desk work with few interruptions
Thinking
Work involving a lot of problem solving, especially requiring logic
Feeling
Service jobs, especially those benefiting underprivileged groups
Sensing
Work requiring attention to details, with immediate goals and relevance
Intuiting
Non-repetitive tasks with new challenges, requiring insight
Judging
Highly organized and structured work, requiring fact-based decisions
Perceiving
Work requiring the ability to adapt to new circumstances

30. Strengths and criticisms of neo-Freudian theories
Elaboration of important concepts that Freud ignored or de-emphasized
Introduction of many new and useful concepts
Set the stage for the humanistic approach
Made the psychoanalytic approach more widely acceptable
Criticisms
Sometimes lacking in research support
Patient samples make it difficult to generalize to all people
None dealt with so many topics in so much depth as Freud
As with Freud, the tone and emphases of the neo-Freudians’ theories reveal their personal biases