1. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

2. Facts on Excretory System
Quick Facts
440 gallons of blood pass through kidneys each day
Kidney beans were named after the organ
Left kidney is always higher than the right
Release about 1 to 1.5 liters of urine a day
If 1 kidney fails, the other will take on entire load of filtration

3. Excretory System Primary Function Excretion Metabolism
The removal of metabolic wastes from the blood
Metabolic wastes are non-usable products of our body’s metabolism
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions that go on inside body
All metabolic reactions produce metabolic wastes!!

4. Waste in the Body Digestive Wastes Egestion Metabolic Wastes Excretion
Wastes from digested food
Eliminated by digestive system
Egestion
Elimination of digestive wastes
Metabolic Wastes
Wastes of basic metabolic chemical reactions in the body
Eliminated by excretory system
Excretion
Elimination of metabolic wastes

5. Metabolic Chemical Reactions
Cellular Respiration
Formation of energy by breaking down organic molecules
Hydrolysis
Breakdown of water
Neutralization
Mixing acids and bases which produce salts
Synthesis
Combining smaller molecules to make bigger ones
All reactions produce a metabolic waste!!

6. Metabolic Waste Products
Water
by-product of dehydration synthesis and cellular respiration
Carbon Dioxide
by-product of cellular respiration
Salts
by-product of neutralization
Urea
by-product of protein metabolism

7. Cellular Respiration Notice waste products at end of chemical rx Water
Carbon Dioxide
NH₃ (ammonia)
** NH₃ + enzymes become urea

8. By-Products of Metabolism

9. Excretory Organs Lungs Also part of respiratory system Liver
Also part of the digestive system
Skin
Also part of the integumentary system
Kidneys
Also part of the urinary system

10. Excretory System Lungs Release the metabolic waste CO₂ and water
CO₂ is formed during cellular respiration in the cells
CO₂ diffuses from blood in the alveoli of the lungs and released during expiration

11. Excretory System Liver
The excretory function of the liver is to breakdown proteins
The metabolic waste product of this process is urea
Urea enters the bloodstream in the liver

12. Excretory System
Skin
The excretory function of the skin is to release metabolic wastes in the blood through the sweat glands
Sweat not only cools the body, but releases metabolic wastes
Sweat releases water, salt and urea

13. Excretory System Kidneys
Excretes a variety of metabolic waste products
Urea (from breakdown of proteins)
Uric acid (from breakdown of nucleic acids)
Salts
Other minerals we don’t need or use

14. THE URINARY SYSTEM

15. 4 Parts of the Urinary System
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

16. 6 Functions of the Kidneys
2 bean-shaped organs that lie retroperitoneal
The 6 functions:
a. Produce urine
b. Eliminate excess water
c. Eliminate excess salts
d. Regulate acid/base balance in blood
e. Regulates blood pressure
f. Maintains some hormone levels

17. External Structures of the Kidneys
Hilum
Indention in kidneys
Renal tubes (artery and vein) and ureter enter and exit
Cortex
Outer most portion or superficial portion of the kidney

18. Internal Structures of the Kidneys
Going from outer kidney (cortex) to inner kidney:
Nephron
Functional units of the kidneys
Millions in 1 kidney
Makes the actual urine
Housed in the renal corpuscle

19. Structure of the Nephron
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
Cluster of capillaries
Blood gets filtered here
Bowman’s Capsule
Sac-like structure that surrounds glomerulus
This where primary urine is made
We produce ~ 50 gallons of primary urine a day but only urinate about 2 quarts a day.

20. Glomerulus of Nephrons

21. Glomerulus of Nephrons

22. Uriniferous Tubules Nephron Animation
Uriniferous Tubules – series of tubes that collect urine from the nephron
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (green)
Proximal Straight Tubule (blue)
Thin Segment (blue)
Distal Straight Tubule (blue)
Distal Convoluted Tubule (purple)
Collecting Tubule (yellow)
Minor Calyces – end of collecting duct that begins to collect the urine
Loop Of Henle (blue)
proximal straight
thin segment
distal straight
Nephron Animation

23. Proximal Convoluted Tubules

24. Internal Structure of the Kidney
Renal Medulla
Middle area of the kidney
Renal Pyramids
Triangular shaped structures within the cortex and medulla areas
Major Calyces
Indentions in the base of each renal pyramid that collects urine

25. Internal Structures of the Kidney
Renal Pelvis
Large indention that collects urine from both minor and major calyces
Renal Sinus
Cavity consisting of renal pelvis, calyces, blood vessels and fat
Area just inside the hilum of the kidney

26. URETERS
Ureters
Carry newly formed urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urine moves through the tubes by peristaltic contractions
The ureters are approximately 10”-12” long

27. Urinary Bladder Bladder 4 layers:
Stores the urine until it is ready to be released
4 layers:
Mucous Coat - made of transitional epithelial tissue.
Submucous Coat - made of connective tissue.
Muscular Coat - made of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
Serous Coat - made of peritoneaum.

28. URETHRA Urethra Passes urine to the outside of the body
Is about 8” long in males (within the penis)
Is about 1.5” in females
This is why females are more susceptible to urinary infections.

29. Urinary System - Interactive Tutorial

30. Kidney Stones Kidney Stones Aka nephrolithaisis Crystallized urine
75% of kidney stones are made from calcium

31. Types of Kidney Stones

32. Additional Terms Micturition Reflex Center Urethral Sphincter
Center that receives the message that urine needs to be released
Micturition Reflex Animation
Urethral Sphincter
Skeletal muscle that keeps urethra closed until ready to urinate

33. CLINICAL TERMS Automatic Bladder Anuria Cystectomy Cystitis
Spinal injury
Can’t control urination
Anuria
No urine output due to kidney failure or severe dehydration
Cystectomy
Removal of urinary bladder
Cystitis
Inflammation of urinary bladder
Incontinence
Loss of bladder control
Causes are childbirth and aging
Oliguria
Small urine output
Polyuria
Excessive urine output
Results in dehydration

34. Clinical Terms Diuretic Hematuria Pyuria Uremia
Substance that increases urine output
Hematuria
Blood in urine
Pyuria
Puss in urine
Uremia
Substances in blood that are supposed to be in urine
Kidneys not filtering correctly

36. STUDY GUIDE FOR TEST EGESTION EXCRETION GLOMERULUS HEMATURIA HILUS
ANURIA
AUTOMATIC BLADDER
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CORTEX
CYSTECTOMY
CYSTITIS
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
DIURETIC
EGESTION
EXCRETION
GLOMERULUS
HEMATURIA
HILUS
INCONTINENCE
MEDULLA
METABOLISM
MICTURITION
NEPHROLITHIASIS
NEPHRON

37. Study Guide for Test NEUTRALIZATION OLIGURIA RENAL SINUS PERISTALSIS
POLYURIA
PYURIA
RENAL
RETROPERITONEAL
UREMIA
URETERS
URETHRA
URETHRAL SPHINCTER
URINARY BLADDER
Label the nephron and internal kidney drawing.
6 functions of the kidney
4 layers of urinary bladder.
4 metabolic wastes
4 parts of urinary system
2 parts of renal corpuscle
6 parts of urinerferous tubules