1. Budding methods
T-budding or shield budding
Patch budding
Chip budding

2. Features of T-budding
widely used for fruit and ornamental trees, as well as roses
two methods: “wood in” and “wood out” (i.e., whether the bark of the scion is slipping or not)
bark of the stock must be slipping

4. Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 4
Figure 5

8. How healing occurs with T-budding
when bark of the stock is lifted, separation occurs in young xylem
primary union is between the phloem on the inner shield face and young xylem on the stock’s surface
callus originates almost entirely from rootstock tissue
for successful “takes”, a continuous cambium must be established between bud and rootstock

11. Timing the T-budding operation
Fall budding (July to early Sept): budwood needn’t be collected and stored, but budding must be done while the stock is actively growing
Spring budding (Mar and Apr): budding must be done before bark stops slipping on the stock, usu. by late spring; budwood must be collected and stored prior to budding
June budding (late May to early June): it is used to obtain a 1-yr-old budded tree in 1 season

13. Chip budding
a chip (with a bud) is placed into a stock that has had a chip removed
neither stock nor scion needs to have slipping bark
cambia of scion chip and stock must be matched closely

15. Patch budding
scion patch (w/bud, w/o wood) is slid off sideways, placed into a stock after the bark “patch” is removed
works well on thick-barked species (e.g., pecans, walnuts)
requires bark of both scion and stock to be slipping easily
usu. done in late summer or early fall

17. Factors influencing success in grafting/budding
the kind of plant
the healing environment (temperature, moisture, oxygen)
growth activity of stock and/or scion
grafting technique
viruses, insects, disease
polarity
limits (closeness of the botanical relationship)
graft incompatibility

18. Symptoms of graft incompatibility
yellowing foliage (esp. in the latter part of the growing season)
premature death of the tree
difference in growth rate or vigor of the scion, compared with the stock
graft components break apart cleanly at the graft union

19. Types of graft incompatibility
anatomical flaws (e.g., vascular discontinuity)
localized incompatibility (i.e., requires contact between stock and scion)
translocated incompatibility (i.e., not overcome by an interstock)
pathogen-induced incompatibility (i.e., a latent virus introduced by grafting from a resistant to a susceptible partner)

20. Translocated incompatibility
‘Nonpareil’ almond/’Marianna 2624’ plum - incompatible
‘Texas’ almond/’Marianna 2624’ plum - compatible
‘Nonpareil’/’Texas’/’2624’ - incompatible (phloem breakdown at the Texas/2624 junction means that the “incompatibility factor” is translocated)