1. Rubiaceae
By : Dr. M S Patil for 5th semester

2. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
The Bedstraw or Madder Family This is one of the largest flowering plant families, with around 7000 species, most of them occuring in tropical regions of the world, where they are mainly woody trees and shrubs. A few occur in temperate regions, when they are herbaceous.
In the tropics, many have economic uses - Coffee (Coffea arabica), Quinine (Cinchona), or are conspicuous ornamentals (Ixora, Gardenia), but in temperate areas, they are often small plants with inconspicuous flowers, or even weeds (Asperula, Galium).
Some members of the Family are grown for use as medicine (ipecacuanha) or dyes.

3. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Characteristics of this Plant Family:
Leaves, Stem & Roots ~ In many tropical species, the plants are woody and evergreen. The leaves are simple and usually entire, occurring opposite one another or in whorls. The presence of stipules is a characteristic of this Family. In temperate regions, plants are herbaceous, and may have 4-angled, prostrate or prickly stems and leaves (especially in the temperate species Galium). Some species have calcium oxylate in the leaves.
Flowers ~ There are usually four or five unjoined sepals, and four or five joined petals, usually borne in panicles or in congested heads. There are four or five stamens. In temperate species, the flowers are often small and insignificant, in pale colors, but in tropical species they are often large and brightly colored.
Seeds ~ The ovary is usually inferior, and the fruit may be a capsule, berry, drupe or schizocarp. Sometimes, the seeds are winged.

4. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Members of this Family usually have:
Many small flowers in dense clustered heads
Leaves opposite or in whorls
Stipules
Inferior ovary
and are usually woody trees and shrubs in tropical areas, or small herbaceous plants in temperate zones

5. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Genera in this family include:
Adina, Alberta, Anthocephalus, Asperula, Couvardia, Burchellia, Calycophyllum, Canthium, Catesbaea, Cephaelis, Cepahlanthus, Chiococca, Cinchona, Coccocypselum, Coffea, Coprosma, Coutarea, Crucianella, Crusea, Damnacanthus, Duggena, Emmenopterys, Faramea, Feretia, Galium, Gardenia, Genipa, Guettarda, Hamelia, Luculia, Manettia, Mitchella, Mitragyna, Mitriostigma, Morinda, Mussaenda, Nauclea, Nertera, Oldenlandia, Palicourea, Pavetta, Pentas, Pinckneya, P)ogonopus, Portlandia, Posoqueria, Psychotria, Putoria, Randia, Ravnia, Richardia, Rondeletia, Rothmannia, Rubia, Serissa, Tarenna, Vangueria, Warszewicizia, Wendlandia, and Xeromphis.

6. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

7. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
In Montana, we have two genera in this family represented:
Galium and Kelloggia

8. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Galium asparine L.
Cleavers

9. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Galium trifidum L.
Small bedstraw

10. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Gallium odoratum (Sweet woodruff)

11. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Kelloggia galioides

12. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Pentas lanceolata

13. Rubiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Coffee

14. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
The Honeysuckle Family
Perennial and mostly woody plants that include vines, shrubs, and small trees.
The family contains about a dozen genera and perhaps 400 species, of wide distribution, chiefly in the North temperate zone, or of mountainous areas in the tropics.

15. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Genera represented in this family include:
Abelia, Alseuosmia, Diervilla, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia, Leycesteria, Linnaea, Lonicera, Sambucus, Symphoricarpos, Triosteum, Viburnum, and Weigela

16. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
The flowers have a 4- or 5-lobed calyx, which is usually small, and a 4- or 5-lobed corolla which often forms a substantial tube. The lobes may be equal, or formed into two lips with 4 lobes for the upper lip, and 1 large lobe for the lower lip.
The 4 or 5 stamens attach to the tube, alternating with the lobes, with the fruiting portion of the pistil below where the calyx and corolla lobes originate.
The fruit, usually a fleshy berry, has 2 to 5 seed-forming divisions.
The leaves are opposite and broad and being either entire or having several lobes or leaflets. The leaves sometimes join together to form a disc around the stem (as in the honeysuckles).

17. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Lonicera sp

18. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

19. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

20. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

21. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

22. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Genera representing this family in Montana are:
Linnaea, Lonicera, Sambucus, Symphoricarpos, and Viburnum

23. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Linnaea borealis - Twinflower Evergreen plant, 3-10 cm tall. Shaded and mossy sites, foothills-subalpine. Flowers pink to nearly white, 6-15 mm long, nodding, in pairs on slender stalks. Leaves opposite, evergreen, broadly egg-shaped, 1-2 cm long.

24. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Sambucus cerulea - Blue Elderberry Shrub 1-4 m tall, strong-smelling. Not too dry sites, foothills-montane. Flowers white, 3-6 mm wide, numerous in dense, flat-topped clusters, smelly. Leaves opposite, pinnate with 7-9 leaflets, lance-shaped, sharp-toothed.

25. Caprifoliaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Symphoricarpos albus - Common Snowberry Shrub cm tall. Thickets, woodlands and open slopes, plains-montane. Flowers white to pink, narrowly funnel-shaped, 5-7 mm long, the lobes short. Leaves opposite, broadly elliptic to oval, cm long.

26. Ranunculaceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
The Buttercup Family
There are around 1800 species in this family, which is found mainly in the colder regions of the world. Most of them are well-known wild flowers or garden flowers, including Buttercups, Anemones, Delphiniums, Aquilegias and Clematis. Some species, particularly Aconitum, are poisonous. Nearly all members of the family are herbaceous, with Clematis being the only woody species.

27. Ranunculaceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
Characteristics of this Plant Family:
Leaves, Stem & Roots ~ The leaves of this family are usually divided or lobed, but are heart-shaped in Ranunculus ficaria (Lesser Celandine) and narrow and undivided in some species of Ranunculus. They usually arise from the base of the plant, or alternately up the stem, but in Clematis they are opposite. The perennial species form a small rhizome or tuber which develops new roots each year.
Flowers ~ The flowers may be solitary, but they are frequently in clusters or spikes. In many species, there are no proper petals, and it is the brightly coloured calyx which forms the 'flower'. There are usually five sepals, although there may be many, and they come in a wide variety of shapes. Those in the genus Ranunculus, the Buttercups, are the only ones which have a true calyx and petals. There are many stamens surrounding many fused carpels.
Seeds ~ The seeds are carried in several different types of fruit. In Actaea (Baneberry), it is a berry; in Clematis, each seed develops a hard woody coating and a fluffy tail, but in most species the seeds develop either as a globe from which they separate when they are riper or inside a (usually five-sided) capsule which splits at maturity to release them (as in Aquilegia).

28. Ranunculaceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
Members of this Family usually have:
Five colored sepals instead of petals (except Buttercups)
Divided leaves
Non-woody tissue (except Clematis)

29. Ranunculaceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
Aquill
Ranunculus sp.
Buttercup
Aquilegia sp.
Columbine

30. Ranunculaceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
Anemone sp
Delphinium sp

31. Ranunculaceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
Clematis x
Nigella sp
(Love in a mist)

32. Ranunculaceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae

33. Papaveraceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
The Poppy Family This is quite a small family, with about 250 species found mainly in the northern temperate regions of the world. Many are familiar garden plants - Poppies, Meconopsis, California Poppies, Argemone and Dendromecon. Few are of economic importance, although the Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source of opium and heroin, and its seeds are used in baking. Other species yield oils used in making soap. Most members of this Family are herbaceous annuals or perennials, but there are also a few shrubs.

34. Papaveraceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
Characteristics of this Plant Family:
Leaves, Stem & Roots ~ The leaves of plants in this family are entire, but often deeply cut, and arise alternately up the stem. The stem may be smooth, hairy, or prickly. The sap is a milky latex, and it is this which gave the family its name - pappa is the Latin for food or milk. Instead of the normal calyx, members of this Family have two large sepals which enclose the flower bud, and these fall off when the bud opens.
Flowers ~ There are two rings of two large, rounded petals, except in Macleaya (Plume Poppy) and some tropical species. The petals are often crumpled inside the bud. There are many rows of stamens.
Seeds ~ The seeds develop inside a rounded capsule with one chamber, which opens by small holes around the lid.

35. Papaveraceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
Members of this Family usually have:
Two sepals enclosing the flower bud, which fall off when it opens.
Four brightly-colored petals
Many stamens
Rounded seed pod forming inside the flower

36. Papaveraceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
Papaver (poppy)

37. Papaveraceae Sub-class: Magnoliidae
Argemone sp.

38. Apiaceae Sub-class: Rosidae
(formerly UMBELLIFERAE) - The Celery Family There are between 2500 and 3000 members of this family, found all over the world, but mainly in the temperate areas and rarely in tropical regions. Some well-known vegetables and herbs are in this family (Carrot, Parsnip, Celery, Fennel, Angelica) some are familiar weeds of hedgerows and woodland (Cow Parsley, Hogweed), and some are grown as ornamental garden plants (Eryngium, Astrantia, Aciphylla), although these mainly do not look like umbellifers at all. Some are poisonous, notably Hemlock. The international panel of botanists who rule on these things decided that all plant families ought to have the same ending (-aceae), and be named after a plant typical of the family, so the family is now called Apiaceae after the type plant, Apium (Celery).

39. Apiaceae Sub-class: Rosidae
Characteristics of this Plant Family:
Leaves, Stem & Roots ~ Most members of this Family are soft-stemmed annuals, biennials or perennials, although some grow tough stems and there are a few woody tree-like or shrubby species in tropical regions. Several species are prickly (Eryngium, Aciphylla). The stems are hollow between the leaf-joints, often ribbed (Angelica, Celery), and the leaves themselves are alternate, usually divided or pinnate, sometimes very like a fern. Sometimes they may be bluish (Eryngium).
Flowers ~ It is the flowers which gave this plant family its original name of Umbelliferae. The flowers grow in umbels or clusters forming an umbrella shape. The flowers have stalks of different lengths so that all the flowers are the same height so that the umbel has a flat top. The flower head may be a single umbel or many smaller umbels making up a large 'flower'. Each individual flower has five petals and five stamens, and they are generally small and insignificant, even in an umbel. The outer flowers may have some larger and some smaller petals. They are very often white, sometimes cream, yellow or pink.. The outer flowers open first. The flower stalk arises from the leaf axil. The overall appearance of many umbels is unimposing, as they are generally relatively tall and leggy.

40. Apiaceae Sub-class: Rosidae

41. Apiaceae Sub-class: Rosidae
The members of this Family grown for ornament often have flowers very different from the normal type. In Eryngium (Sea Holly) and Astrantia (Masterwort), it is the large bracts surrounding the umbel which are colored and the flowers themselves are insignificant.
Seeds ~ The seed capsule in this Family is behind the petals (inferior). The seed capsule has two parts with a single seed in each part. The seeds themselves are of many different shapes and sizes. They may be spiny, hooked or winged. Some are of culinary or medicinal use

42. Apiaceae Sub-class: Rosidae
Eryngium sp

43. Apiaceae Sub-class: Rosidae
Astrantia sp

44. Apiaceae Sub-class: Rosidae
Members of this Family usually have:
Hollow stems
Small flowers in umbels
Flowers with five petals
White, yellow or pink (not blue) flowers

45. Apiaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

46. Asclepidaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Plants of the Milkweed family are herbs, shrubs, or vines usually with thick, milky juice. There are about 250 genera and 2,000 species of this family worldwide, most are found in warmer climates. The flowers are radially symmetrical, growing in flat or round clusters. They have 5 sepals and a corolla of 5 united petals with lobes that are bent backwards, and a 5-lobed crown between the corolla and the stamens. The number of stamens are 5, all flower parts are attached at the base of the 2 ovaries.
Leaves are simple, mostly paired opposite or in whorls of 4.
The fruit consists of 2 pods, often joined at tips by the style and filled with many silky-haired seeds.

47. Asclepidaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Economic importance is basically none, except that some species are grown as ornamentals, and some cause livestock poisoning.
Medicinal uses are few, they have sometimes been used for laxative, expectorant, diuretic, emetic purposes, and for wart removal.
All members of this family should be considered toxic. 

48. Asclepidaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

49. Asclepidaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

50. Solanaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
The Potato Family This is a large Family with around species in 90 different genera, found in most temperate and tropical regions, with a large number coming from Australia and Central and South America. It is a family mainly of herbs, with a few shrubs and trees, and contains many of our most well-known food plants, including Potatoes, Tomatoes, Eggplant and Peppers. It also contains many popular garden ornamental plants, including Petunias, Browallia and Salpiglossis. There are several poisonous species, including Deadly Nightshade (Atropa belladonna), Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and Thorn Apple (Datura stramonium), and the family also contains the important economic plant, Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), which contains the highly toxic alkaloid nicotine.

51. Solanaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Characteristics of this Plant Family:
Leaves, Stem & Roots ~ Members of this Family are often climbers or at least scrambling plants, often with hairy stems and leaves. The leaves are variable, and may be entire or dissected, without stipules, and are usually alternate. The calyx has five parts, which may be joined, and it often remains and enlarges around the fruit, as in Cape Gooseberry (Physalis) or the Shoo-Fly Plant (Nicandra).
Flowers ~ The flowers have five petals and are generally regular in shape. They may be round and flat or star-shaped, but are often bell shaped or tubular. They usually occur in groups in the leaf axils, although they may be solitary. There are five stamens attached to the corolla tube.
Seeds ~ The ovary is superior (inside the flower), and the fruit is either a berry or a capsule, often containing many light brown disc-shaped seeds.

52. Solanaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

53. Solanaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

54. Solanaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

55. Solanaceae Sub-class: Asteridae

56. Solanaceae Sub-class: Asteridae
Members of this Family usually have:
Regular flowers with five petals
Alternate leaves
Five stamens attached to the corolla tube
Superior ovary containing many yellowish disc-shaped seeds

57. Solanaceae Sub-class: Asteridae