1. Gram Negative Rods

3. Enterobacteriaceae Family
General Characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae:
Morphology: large family of gram-negative bacilli, without special arrangement.
Habitat: they inhabit soil, water, and also a common occupant of large bowel of humans & animals.
Culture: they are facultative anaerobic
Biochemical reaction:
all are Oxidase negative.
They differentiated according to lactose fermentation into lactose fomenters (LF) and non lactose fomenters (NLF).
Non-spore forming
Some are primary pathogen while some are commensals.
Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium in gut, and It’s a very common cause of UTI.

4. Gram-negative rods

5. MacConkey agar with LF and non-LF colonies
Mac.: differential media between LF and NLF

6. The important members: E
The important members: E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Yersinia

7. What is Escherichia coli?
It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae.
These organisms inhabit the intestinal tract of most warm blooded animals.
Colonizes newborns GI tract within hours after birth
There are more than 700 different serotypes of E. coli, distinguished by different surface proteins and polysaccharides

8. General Characteristics of E. coli
Morphology: Gram negative, rods, appear in singles or in pairs.
Culture:
facultative anaerobe, grow between 10 – 40 °C (optimal at 37 °C).
On MacConkey medium produce bright pink colonies (Lactose fermenters).
Give a metallic green sheen colonies on EMB.
Biochemical Reactions: Oxidase-Negative, Indole test-Positive.
Motile by flagella- ( Very few strains non motile)

9. E. coli on Mac.

10. E. coli on EMB

11. The Beneficial E. coli
Protects the intestinal tract from bacterial infections
Aids in digestion
Produces our main source of vitamins B12 and K
Lives symbiotically with us (we help them to live, and they help us to live)
Symbiotic. E. coli doesn’t survive well if they are not inside our intestines. Human’s have a lot of intestinal problems, if E. coli is not present.

12. Bad E. coli
While most E. coli are good for you, there are a few strains of E. coli that are harmful to humans.
It is possible to get an individual strain of E. coli that is harmful to you.
E. coli O157:H7 Most notorious strain of bad E. coli:
Produces a powerful toxin and can cause severe illness
Most dangerous for little kids, the elderly, and the sick
Damages the intestines, causes bloody diarrhea, and other complications
Cause disease by making a toxin called Shiga toxin
“Shiga toxin-producing” E. coli - STEC
With such a large number of bacteria in your intestines, some of the bacteria combine and mutate into harmful strains of bacteria.

13. Pseudomonas spp.
Ubiquitous bacteria, grow everywhere (in soil , water, plants, animal tissues, and other places that contain moisture).
Some strain can even grow in distilled water.
Can produce pigment.
Some strains are antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
It is an “Opportunistic Pathogen”.

14. Pseudomonas spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the primary human pathogen in the genus Pseudomonas.
It’s found any wear in the environment.
Common cause of nosocomial infections.
In normal host it cause opportunistic infection.
Immunodeficiency, breaching of first line of defense, and the use of medical devices predispose the patients to P. aeruginosa infections

15. Characteristics of P. aeruginosa.
Morphology: Gram negative rods.
Culture:
Obligate aerobes (most strains).
Nutritional requirements are minimal, it can grow on a wide variety of organic substrates, like: laboratory water baths, hot tubs, wet IV tubing, other water containing vessels (that’s way the organism is responsible for many nosocomial infections).

16. Grow at wide range of temperatures 6-42°C
Produce yellow-green pigmentation
Produce large irregular colonies with distinctive smell (grape-like odor).
Biochemical Reactions: Oxidase positive.
Motile (by single or multiple polar flagella).
Non-spore forming
Non-capsulated but many strains have mucoid slime layer.
Resistant to a large range of antibiotics.

19. P. aeruginosa Virulence Factors
Pili: Most of the clinical isolates have pili.
LPS: Like other gram negative organisms have LPS on the outer cell wall, but it is less toxic than other GN.
Alginate: mucoid exopolysaccharide that forms a shiny biofilm protecting it from Ab’s, complement, phagocytosis and antibiotics.

20. 4. Exotoxin A: similar to Diphtheria toxin it inhibit protein synthesis (cause corneal damage). 5. Hemolysin: it break down lipids & contribute to tissue invasion & destruction. it is toxic to alveolar macrophages. 6. Proteases: play a major role during acute infection, It also have a rule in tissue invasion especially in corneal infections. 7. Elastase: destruction of elastin-containing tissues (eg. blood vessels, lung tissue, skin), collagen, immunoglobulins and complement.

21. Clinical Significance of P.auroginosa
Some clinical diseases caused by P.auroginosa:
Pulmonary infections.
Burn wound infections and other skin and soft tissue infections (life threatening).
UTI’s (especially catheterized)
External Otitis (swimmer’s ear)
Eye infections and corneal ulceration via contaminated contact lens cleaning fluids.
Pseudomonal Endocarditis

22. Pulmonary Infections
Can range form asymptomatic colonization to severe necrotizing bronchopenumonia.
Colonization is seen in patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic lung disease and neutropenia.
Mucoid strains are commonly isolated from chronic pulmonary patients and are more difficult to eradicate.
Predisposing conditions include previous therapy with broad spectrum abs , use of respiratory therapy equipment.
Mortality rate can be as high as 70% for invasive brnchopneumonia

23. Pseudomonas Corneal Ulcer
It is the most dreaded of all corneal infections.
There is rapid invasion and affection of deeper layers causing a central necrosis area within 48 hours and a ring abscess around corneal periphery.
Pus is mucus in consistency and greenish in color.
Hypopyon is unusually large.
Commonly associated with soft as well as extended contact lens wear.

24. Pseudomonas Corneal Ulcer

25. Treatment & Prevention
It is difficult to find antibiotics effective against P.aeruginosa because of its rapid development of resistance mutations and its own innate mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.
Generally a combination of two bactericidal antibiotics is essential for treatment

26. Haemophilus spp. General characteristics:
Morphology: Gram negative pleomorphic bacilli (ranging from coccobacilli to long filaments).
Obligate parasites, requiring special factors to grow like: hemin and NAD+ to grow.
Culture:
Facultative anaerobe, grows best in media enriched with CO2.
Temperature requirements 32°C - 37°C
Can grow on chocolate agar that contain hemin and NAD+.
Hemin: iron, NAD+: co-enzyme

27. The organism tend to cause widespread epidemics.
Non-motile.
Non-spore forming.
May produce capsule (6 capsular types have been distinguished a,b,c,d,e & f)
Epidemics: is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.

28. Haemophilus spp.
The commonest clinical isolate is Haemophilus influenzae (serotype b is most virulent type)
The other species of the genus include:
H. ducreyi
H. parainfleunziae.
H. aegyptius (eye infection)

29. Haemophilus influenzae

30. Pathogenecity of H.influenzae
Enters the body through respiratory tract.
Can produce IgA protease which helps in its attachment to respiratory mucosa.
It can cause respiratory infections such as otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia (mostly non capsulated forms)
From this site, it can enter bloodstream and disseminate to distant sites (mostly capsulated forms (tybe b) is responsible for these diseases)

31. Treatment & Prevention
Third-generation cephalosporin such as ceftriaxone is drug of choice in meningitis and other serious infections.
Prevention:
By vaccination (Hib vaccine)