1. Child labour
Hana & Mohammed

2. INTRODUCTION
Child labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on part or full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their physical and mental development.

3. Definitions
Child:
A child is someone under the age of 18, entitled to the rights proclaimed in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child including the right to be protected from economic exploitation.
Child Labour: It means work done by children under the age of 18. However some countries have different views about the lawful minimum age of employment.
Child Labour interferes with his or her education, or to be harmful to their health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. (Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 32.1)
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 2nd September 1990 All countries ratified, except Somalia, 28 September 1992 – Irish ratification

4. Definition
The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines child Labour as: 1- When a child is working during early age 2- He overworks or gives over time to Labour 3- He works due to the psychologically, socially, and materialistic pressure 4- He becomes ready to Labour on a very low pay

5. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund(UNICEF) defines "child" as anyone below the age of 18, and "child Labour" as some type of work performed by children below age 18. (UNICEF) 

6. Worst form of child Labour
These forms include:
Child Trafficking: Transfer of child to another person in return of consideration is called child trafficking.
Child Prostitution and Pornography: Sometimes children are forced in prostitution and pornography which create physical risk and diseases like AIDS.
Children used in Armed Conflict: Involvement in arm conflict is dangerous for physical and mental growth.
Other types of child labour are domestic slavery, hazardous child labour etc.

7. causes OF CHILD LABOUR Poverty Parental Illiterate Social Apathy
Easily Available
Ignorance
Lack of Education
Minority Group
Internal/external factors
Economic Shock

8. Causes of Child Labour
OVER POPULATION: limited resources and more mouths to feed, Children are employed in various forms of work.
ILLITERACY :Illiterate parents do not realize the need for a proper physical, emotional and cognitive development of a child.
POVERTY: Many time poverty forces parents to send their children to hazardous jobs.
URBANIZATION: MNC's and export industries in the developing world employ child workers, particularly in the garment industry.

9. Causes of Child
Labour
ORPHANS: Children born out of wedlock, children with no parents and relatives, often do not find anyone to support them. Thus they are forced to work for their own living.
WILLINGNESS TO EXPLOIT CHILDREN: This is at the root of the problem Even if a family is very poor, the incidence of child labour will be very low unless there are people willing to exploit these children.
UNEMPLOYMENT OF ELDERS: Elders often find it difficult to get jobs. The industrialists and factory owners find it profitable to employ children. This is so because they can pay less and extract more work. They will also not create union problem.

10. Scope to use them in….. Agricultural Areas
Industrial and factory sites
Construction work
Mine industry
Scrape businesses
Home maids in India like 3rd world countries
Road side hotels
Mills
Workshop purposes

11. Preparing tobacco leaves

12. Electroplate worker

13. Stitching soccer balls

14. A child repairing tyres

16. examples
For many international companies it was found that child labour was used e.g.
Nestle Uses Child Slave Labor ( Chocolate)
FIFA Supports Slave Labor And Murder (Qatar)
Daewoo Facilitates Torture And Slavery ( Korea in Uzbekistan)
Nike and the soccer ball industry in Pakistan
GAP fashion company in India
IKEA carpet manufacturing in South Asia
Shrimp-industry in Thailand

17. How it is… Number of hours
United States - Full time 28 to 40 hours and part time is less than 28 hours
China – 12 to 16 hours a day/ 7 days a week and overtime is not paid
Nicaragua – 69 hours per week
Honduras – 12 to 14 hours a day, but can be forced to work 24 hours
Bangladesh – Work from 7:30 am to 8 pm daily. Work for holidays and sometimes 24 hours straight. Only get paid for 80 hours.
Mexico – 80 hours per week. 15 to 22 hour days, can be forced to work more.

18. How it is… Nicaragua No access to health care Bathrooms are locked
If workers try to defend their rights, they are fired and blacklisted.
Overtime is forced
Pregnancy tests

19. KYE and Other Chinese Factories
In 2010, the National Labor Committee ousted a Chinese supplier called KYE for its use of child labor. 
- KYE recruited up to 1,000 "work-study" students (supposed to be but many seeming to be 15 and under) to work 15-hour shifts, seven days a week. - KYE's second choice are women age considered easier to discipline and control. - KYE pays workers 65 cents an hour. - KYE employees are often required to report early to participate in bizarre, military-esque drills. - Temperatures inside the factory often reach nearly 90 degrees. No air conditioning. - Frequent claims of sexual harassment from security guards. - Talking and music are prohibited employees per 'dorm' room. - Showers consist of a sponge and a plastic bucket filled with water.

20. Apple
Apple’ s biggest parts supplier, Foxconn, is notorious for their terrible working conditions.
in 2011 an explosion in a Foxconn factory killed two workers and injured 16 others. Some other events that have been caused by these terrible conditions include: 
July 2009: A Foxconn worker fell from apartment building after reportedly losing an iPhone prototype. 18 more workers were linked to attempted suicides in 2010 and over the next two years.
2010: 137 workers were injured by poisonous chemical, n-hexane, used to clean iPhone screens at Suzhou facility, owned by Apple suppliers Wintek. May 2011: Four workers died and 18 injured in dust explosion at Foxconn factory that produces iPad parts in Chengdu, China.
December 2011: 61 workers were injured in a gas explosion in Shanghai, China at Riteng Computer Accessory Co factory that makes iPad 2 back panels. September 2012: A fight involving up to 2,000 workers forced Foxconn to close a plant in Shanxi province in northern China.

22. ACTIVE ORGANIZATIONS
UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)
ILO ( International Labour organization)
ACTRAV
IPEC ( international program on the elimination of child labor)
ICFTU( international confederation of free trade union)
WCL ( World confederation of labor)

23. Non-governmental organizations
Many NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan, CARE India, Child Rights and You, Global march against child labour, RIDE India etc. have been working to eradicate child labour in India.
Pratham is India's largest non-governmental organization with the mission 'every child in school and learning well.' Founded in 1994, Pratham has aimed to reduce child labour and offer schooling to children irrespective of their gender, religion and social background. It has grown by introducing low cost education models that are sustainable and reproducible.

25. SOME FACTS ABOUT CHILD LABOUR
According to the Indian census of 1991, there are million working children under the age if fourteen years in India.
Over 85% of this child labour is in the country’s rural areas, working in agricultural activities such as farming, livestock, rearing, forestry and fisheries.
The world’s highest number of working children is in India. ILO estimates that 218 million children were involved in child labour in 2004, of which 126 million were engaged in hazardous work.
The Hindi belt, including Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, account for 1.27 crore working children in the country, engaged in both hazardous and non-hazardous occupations and processes.
Over 19 lakh children labourers in the 5-14 age group are in Uttar Pradesh. Rajasthan accounts for over 12.6 lakh workers followed by Bihar with over 11 lakh and Madhya Pradesh with 10.6 lakh.
However, according to the 2001 census, Andhra Pradesh with 13.6 lakh child labour stands second in the national lust after UP.

26. Child Labour Ratio

27. Magnitude of the problem
Sectoral distribution of working children, 2008

28. Child Labour in Pakistan
In Pakistan children aged 5-14 are above 40 million.
During the last year, the Federal Bureau of Statistics released the results of its survey
funded by ILO’s IPEC. The findings were that 3.8 million children age group of 5-14 years are working in Pakistan out of total 40 million children in this age group
fifty percent of these economically active children are in age group of 5 to 9 years. Even out of these 3.8 million economically active children, 2.7 million were claimed to be working in the agriculture sector. 73% of them were said to be boys

29. Kurdistan Parliament formally ratifies Child Protection Law
According to the law, this is the duty of government to enhance citizen’s understanding of child rights, and to deal with child labour that the region is facing.
By Solin Hacador:
In Istanbul, I met several self-employed Kurdish children selling tissue or prayer-beads. They had mainly come from Mardin, Kars, Mus, Amed and Ararat and were trying to make their life on the streets.
The latest statistics show there are more than 12,000 child labourers in Iraqi Kurdistan, A survey conducted in December 2010 by Kurdistan Save the Children (KSC).
(MOLSA) states that 12,479 child laborers are currently working in the three main cities of the semi-autonomous Kurdistan region of Iraq, with nearly five thousand of them working in "highly hazardous positions.“
Mohammad Qadir ‌‌‌- Minister of Labour and Social Affairs

30. According to the survey, Erbil, the region's booming capital and largest city with a population of about 1.3 million, has the highest number of child laborers, with 8,406 children currently working there; Sulaimani has 2,715 child laborers with a population of just over one million; and Duhok has 1,358 with a population of just under 0.2 million.
Qaladze is one of the many places outside the three main cities where children can also be found working, and so is not covered by the statistics of the KSC survey.
According to the statistics, only 103 of the 12,479 child laborers are female, which represents less than one percent of the total figure.
Comparing the present figures to a similar survey carried out by KSC in 2007, there has been a 16 percent decline in the number of child laborers over the last three years, with the KSC putting the total figure of child laborers in Kurdistan's three main cities at 14,878 for that year.

31. Where does most child labour occur?

32. International Regulations
1973 Minimum Age Convention 138: This establishes the obligation for countries to work towards a minimum age of 15 for legal employment.
1999 Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 182: Governments are bound to pass child labour preventing laws by ratifying convention 182.
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC): convention gives children’s some rights such as:

33. The major national legislative developments include the following:
The Factories Act of 1948: The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory. The law also placed rules on who, when and how long can pre-adults aged 15–18 years be employed in any factory.
The Mines Act of 1952: The Act prohibits the employment of children below 18 years of age in a mine.
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986: The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in hazardous occupations identified in a list by the law. The list was expanded in 2006, and again in 2008.
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act of 2000: This law made it a crime, punishable with a prison term, for anyone to procure or employ a child in any hazardous employment or in bondage.
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009: The law mandates free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years. This legislation also mandated that 25 percent of seats in every private school must be allocated for children from disadvantaged groups and physically challenged children.

34. CRC
Article 19: Children will be protected from all kind of Physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, negligence and exploitation.
Article 27: Right of adequate living for Physical, mental, moral and social development
Article 28 and 29: Right to education
Article 31: Right to play
Article 32: Right to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing hazardous work
Article 38: Prohibited from being recruited into arm forces or direct participating in hostility.

36. What ‘We’ can do as a person to stop child labour?
To donate funds in NGOs working for the rehabilitation of street children.
To contact NGOs and make them aware about child labour happening in our society.
To make the rural people aware about the benefits of education.
To provide free education for the orphans.
To start campaign against child labour.
To help the government to stop child labour.

37. SAY NO
TO CHILD LABOUR

38. Conclusion
The problem of child labour continues to pose a challenge before the nation. Government has been taking various pro-active measures to tackle this problem. However, considering the magnitude and extent of the problem and that it is essentially a socio-economic problem inextricably linked to poverty and illiteracy, it requires concerted efforts from all society to make a dent in the problem.
The social evil of child labour can be brought under control, if each individual takes responsibility of prevailing child labour. Each and every citizen should be aware of their responsibilities and should take corrective measures to stop child labour, so that we can have a better and developed India. Child labour can be controlled if the government functions effectively with the support of the public.

40. References
child protection/
Armitage, J., 30 July Even worse than Foxconn': Apple rocked by child labour claims. Independent, pp2-8.
Fernhoiz, T., March, What happens when Apple finds a child making your iPhone. Quartz, pp
ILO, Hazdorous Child labor. Geneva: ILO Cataloguing.
Jacob, L., the migrant experince. New York: Cooperative Childern.
Ross’, R. J. S., Slaves to Fashion. london: work press.
Sha-smith, E., Bread is for Eating. New York: Holt.