1. Group 8
Social Psychology

2. scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others

3. Attitudes and social cognition

4. evaluations of people, objects, ideas, and behavior
Attitudes

5. Persuasion changing a person’s attitude
depends on a number of factors, including:
message source: Who is the attitude communicator?
attitude communicator: person delivering the message
characteristics of the message: What is the message like?
characteristics of the target: Who is receiving the message?

6. mental processing that occurs when a persuasive message is evaluated on the basis of irrelevant or extraneous factors
Routes to Persuasion
mental processing that occurs when a persuasive message is evaluated by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade

7. Attitude-behavior link
attitude influences behavior
general consistency between attitude and behavior
attitudes are fairly consistent
Cognitive Dissonance: Behavior Influences Attitude
mental conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes if thoughts
can be justified by:
modifying one or both cognitions
changing perceived importance of the cognition
adding additional cognitions
denying that cognitions are related

8. cognitive process by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves
Social Psychology

9. Forming Impressions Schemas Central Traits
set of cognitions about people and social experiences
stereotypes
Central Traits
major traits considered in forming impressions of others
identified traits depend on culture, age, gender, etc.

10. the theory that considers how people decide the specific causes of a person’s behavior
Attribution Theory

11. Situational Causes of Behavior Dispositional Causes of Behavior
causes of behavior that are external to a person
Dispositional Causes of Behavior
perceived causes of behavior brought about by a person’s traits or internal personality characteristics
Attribution Biases and Errors
halo effect: attribute positive characteristics to someone initially understood to have positive traits
assumed-similarity bias: think others are similar to oneself
self-serving bias: attribute personal success to personal factors and failure to external factors
fundamental attribution error: overattribute behavior to dispositional rather than situational causes

12. Social Influence and groups

13. process by which social groups and individuals exert pressure on an individual, either deliberately or unintentionally
Social Influence

14. Social Pressure also known as Peer Pressure
three types of social pressure
Conformity
Compliance
Obedience
distinction between the three types depends on the nature and strength of the pressure

15. a change in behavior brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people
Conformity

16. Causes for conformity characteristics of the group
attractiveness and status/social standing
situation in which the individual is responding
public or private setting
type or kind of task
ambiguity and competency
unanimity of the group
presence of a social supporter
Groupthink
group members share a strong motivation to agree and cannot critically evaluate other points of view
Social Roles
expectations for people occupying a given social position

17. behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure
Compliance

18. Causes for compliance foot-in-the-door technique
small request precedes larger request
door-in-the-face technique
large request precedes smaller request
that’s-not-all technique
offer a “reduced” cost
not-so-free sample
norm of reciprocity
Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology
focuses on work and job related issues
worker motivation
satisfaction, safety
productivity
also focuses on operation and design of organization

19. a change in behavior in response to the commands of others
Obedience

20. Stanley Milgram experiment
largest laboratory demonstration of obedience
understand obedience to figures of authority
specifically the Holocaust
Would we be able to withstand the intense power of authority?

21. Prejudice and discrimination

22. Foundations of Prejudice and Discrimination
stereotypes → prejudice → discrimination
stereotype: set of generalized beliefs about a group and its members
prejudice: negative or positive evaluation of a group and its members
discrimination: behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of membership in a particular group
observational learning: children learn discrimination by watching their parents, peers, mass media, etc.
social identity theory: people use group membership as a source of pride and self worth; judge themselves and others in terms of their group membership

23. subfield of social psychology that seeks to identify the neurological basis of social behavior
Social Neuroscience

24. reducing Prejudice and discrimination
increasing contact between the target and holder of the stereotype
making values and norms against prejudice more conspicuous
providing information about the targets of stereotyping
increasing the sense of social belonging of ethnic minority students
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
measure of prejudice
measurement of unconscious, private attitudes
instant reactions betray inner thoughts
more accurate assessment of discrimination

25. Positive and negative social behavior

26. positive feelings for others; liking and loving
Interpersonal Attraction/Close Relationship

27. Motivations for affection
LOVE
passionate or romantic love
intense absorption with someone including arousal, interest, and caring for another
companionate love
strong affection for those with whom our lives are deeply involved
Loving and liking are qualitatively different psychological states.
LIKE
proximity
others who live nearby
mere exposure
people you see a lot
similarity
Those who are like us; reciprocity-of-liking effect
physical attractiveness
beauty equals likability

28. Robert Sternberg’s components of Love
love has three parts
decision/commitment: initial thoughts of love and long-term feelings of commitment to maintain love
intimacy: feelings of closeness and connectedness
passion: motivational drive relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance
different combinations produce different kinds of love

29. intentional injury of, or harm to, another person
Aggression

30. Approaches to Aggression
Instinct Approach
Sigmund Freud identified aggression as a primary instinctual drive.
Konrad Lorenz believed humans had a fighting instinct that builds up and must be released; the longer the aggression builds, the more violent the catharsis(process of discharging built-up aggression).
Frustration-Aggression Approach
blocked goals → frustration → anger → aggression
aggressive cues: stimuli associated with and triggers aggression
Observational Learning Approach
emphasizes social and environmental conditions
aggression learned by viewing rewards and punishment that models provide

31. Dealing effectively with anger
calm down
look again at the anger-provoking situation from the perspective of others
minimize the importance of the situation
use language effectively by saying “I” not “you”
“I felt hurt when....” not “You did....wrong.”
fantasize about getting even
DON’T ACTUALLY DO IT!
relax

32. noticing a person, event, or situation that may require help
Helping others
Prosocial Behavior: behavior deemed appropriate by society such as helping
Diffusion of Responsibility: belief that responsibility for intervening is shared among those present
Prosocial behavior does not have to have a self-sacrificing component; altruism, helping another without regard for self-interest, does.
interpreting the event as one that requires help
assuming responsibility for helping
deciding on and implementing the form of helping

33. Slide Number
Citation 1
"Pursuing a Career in Social Psychology." Psychology: Science in Action. American Psychological Association, n.d. Web. 05 July 2016. 5
Glantz. "2012 Design Debate: Romney vs Obama." Glantz Design. Glantz Design, Incorporated, 08 Oct Web. 05 July 2016. 6
Sirgy, M. Joseph, Don R. Rahtz, and Laura Portolese Dias. "Consumer Behavior Today, v. 1.0." Flat World Knowledge. Flat World Education, Incorporated, n.d. Web. 05 July 2016. 9
Erica. "Organize." Speak Simple. Speak Simple, 3 Jan Web. 05 July 2016. 14
Moynihan, Carolyn. "Teenage Brains and Peer Pressure." MercatorNet. New Media Foundation, 7 Feb Web. 05 July 2016. 20
DenkProducties. "Milgram Experiment - Jeroen Busscher." YouTube. YouTube, 22 June Web. 05 July 2016. 28
"Triangular Theory of Love." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 June Web. 05 July 2016.