1. Open Access Growth and Developments
Jafar Iqbal
Research Scholar
Panel Discussion
(31/10/2011)
Seminar Library
Department of Library & Information Science
AMU, Aligarh

2. Introduction
The Traditional subscription based model for print and electronic publishing is subject to the Pricing Crisis caused by high rates imposed by publishers. Librarians have called it “Serials Pricing Crisis”.
Huge increases in subscription fees have meant that libraries and research organizations have needed to decrease the number of journals to which they subscribe.

3. Introduction……….
Suber (2003) has defined the key phenomenon impeding electronic access to scholarly material as the “Permission Crisis”, fuelled by constraints relating to copyright law, licensing agreements, digital rights managements: software to block access by unauthorized users, sometimes with the help of special hardware.

4. Open Access
According to Suber (2003) Open-access literature is defined by two essential properties:
It is free of charge to everyone.
The copyright holder has consented in advance to unrestricted reading, downloading, copying, sharing, storing, printing, searching, and linking.
The first property solves the serial pricing crisis. The second property solves the permission crisis.
It means that both the pricing and permission crises can be solved at one stroke by open access.

5. Open Access: Some Definitions
Open Access is a knowledge distribution model by which scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles are made freely available to anyone, anywhere over the Internet.
Open Access (OA) means that electronic scholarly articles are available freely at the point of use Jeffery (2006).
Open access to scientific journal articles means online access without charge to readers or libraries Suber (2002).

6. Ways to achieve Open Access
Suber (2003) identifies two primary vehicles of open-access literature that are:
i) Open-access journals perform peer review and then make the approved contents freely available to the world. Their expenses consist of peer review, manuscript preparation, and server space.
ii) Open-access archives or repositories do not perform peer review, but simply make their contents freely available to the world.

7. Open Access Journals
The Open Access Journal category can be further subdivided based on the degree or extent of journal content availability.
i) Direct Open Access Journal: When the whole journal is published open access without any limitation.
ii) Delayed Open Access Journal: Some journals keep the most recent content accessible only to paying subscribers, but as time passes, the embargo is lifted & the content is made available to all.
iii) Hybrid Open Access Journal: Sometimes an author or author’s institution can pay for an article to be made freely available in an otherwise subscription based journal. This is referred to as Hybrid OA Journal.

8. Open Access Archives
Open Access Archives or repositories are digital collections of research material that has been deposited by their authors. The Open Access Archives can be further subdivided into:
Institutional Repository: A repository established by a particular university or other research institution is known as an institutional repository.
Subject Repository: A repository established to collect and preserve material in a particular discipline or subject is called a disciplinary repository or subject repository

9. Advantages of Open Access
Scholarly articles that are available in open access form are downloaded and cited more often than articles published only in subscription-based journals.
Harnad and Brody (2004) in a study compared articles in physics field that are openly available in arXive (open access repository) with those in the same issues of the same journals that are not open access. The study shows that citation of open access articles increased from 250% to 580%.

10. Advantages of Open Access………
Remove subscription barriers to research material.
Open access publishing model makes the research permanently visible and accessible.
Improved accessibility, dissemination and immediate community awareness of scientific advances.
Articles available in an OA journals and repository have more accesses (readers).
Reduce duplication of records and inconsistencies in multiple instances of the same works.

11. Growth of Open Access Publishing
Total no. of world's scholarly literature that is freely available: 20% (Bjork et al)
Total no. of open access journals (DOAJ): over 6,000. Growth rate: 4 per day.
Total no. of open access repositories: close to 2,000 (OpenDOAR). Growth rate: 1 per day
Total no. of open access mandate policies (ROARMAP): 271. Growth rate: 1 per week or 5 per month.
Source: Morrison (2010). Dramatic Growth of Open Access. The Imaginary Journal of Poetic Economics.

12. DOAJ AS OF TODAY
7253 journals 3361 journals searchable at article level articles Source:

13. Total no. of Open Access Repositories
Source:

14. Total Mandates to Date Source: http://roarmap.eprints.org/
An Open Access Mandate is a policy—adopted by a research institution, research funder or a government that requires researchers (e.g. university faculty or research grant recipients) to make their published, peer-reviewed journal and conference papers open access by depositing their final, peer-reviewed drafts in an open access institutional repository or subject repository.
Source:

15. Indian Contribution to Open Access Publishing
Out of 7253 journals listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) 359 are from India (
OpenJgate ( developed by the Bangalore based Informatics India, lists around 8000 open access periodicals worldwide which include 4773 peer reviewed journals including 339 peer reviewed Indian open access journals.
Registry of Open Access Repositories hosted at the University of Southampton, UK listed 2486 repositories worldwide including 76 from India (

16. Major Open Access Statements
The important open access initiatives taken by various bodies are:
February 14, 2002: Budapest open access initiatives launched.
May 12, 2003: Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing launched.
October 22, 2003: The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities was released
February 24, 2004: The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) released the IFLA Statement on Open Access to Scholarly Literature and Research Documentation.

17. Open Access Policies adopted by Universities
Princeton University
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University
The Washington University
Australian National University
University of Tromso
Trinity College Dublin
University of Nottingham
University of Westminster

18. Open Access Policies adopted by Universities………
University College London
Teesside University
North Melbourne Institute of TAFE
Loughborough University
Wageningen University
Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences

19. Open Access Policies adopted by Libraries
MIT Libraries
York University Libraries
The University of Hawai'i at Manoa Library
The Columbia University Libraries
Duke University Libraries
Arizona State University Libraries
Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis Library
The University of Hong Kong Libraries
Academic Council of Libraries and Cultural Resources (LCR) at the University of Calgary

20. Open Access Fund to authors to make their publication open access
Universities & Libraries launched Open Access funds to help cover publication fees charged by fee-based OA journals.
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The fund. Launched in March 2005.
University of Nottingham: The fund was apparently launched in 2007.
University of California, Berkeley launched on January 21, 2008.
University of Calgary launched the Open Access Authors Fund on June 23, 2008.

21. Open Access Fund to authors to make their publication open access………
University of Tennessee, Knoxville: The fund (Open Publishing Support Fund) was launched in 2008.
Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University: The fund launched in 2008.
The Brunel University Open Access Publishing Fund was set up in 2009.
Cornell University: The fund launched on September 15, 2009.
Harvard University: The fund (Harvard Open-Access Publication Equity Fund, or HOPE) launched on September 15, 2009.

22. Open Access Fund to authors to make their publication open access………
University of Ottawa: The fund announced on December 8, 2009.
Columbia University launched the fund on February 1, 2010.
MIT Open Access Article Publication Subvention Fund (OAAPSF) offered by MIT Libraries launched on June 11, 2010.
University of Florida: The fund will become operational on July 1, 2010.
Duke University: The fund was announced on October 4, 2010.

23. Discussion forums devoted to open access issues
American Scientist Open Access Forum from American Scientist moderated by Stevan Harnad.
BOAI Forum associated with the Budapest Open Access Initiative moderated by Peter Suber.
Economics of Open Access moderated by Alastair Dryburgh.
Open Data from SPARC on open access to data moderated by Peter Murray-Rust.
Ozeprints on OA archiving developments in Australia moderated by Belinda Weaver.
PLoS Community Boards from the Public Library of Science.

24. Discussion forums devoted to open access issues
ScholComm from the American Library Association on scholarly communication.
SSP-L from the Society for Scholarly Publishing.
SPARC-IR from SPARC on institutional repositories.
SPARC Open Access Forum (SOAF) from SPARC on open-access developments broadly construed, especially issues raised by the SPARC Open Access Newsletter or Open Access News blog moderated by Peter Suber.

25. Blogs on Open Access Open Access News OA Librarian Open and Shut?
Open Access Archivangelism

26. Open Access Policy: Indian Scenario
The session on open access at the 93rd Indian Science Congress (Hyderabad, January 3-7, 2006) produced an Optimal National Open Access Policy for India. Among other things, it calls for mandating open access to the results of publicly-funded research.
National Institute of Technology (NIT) Rourkela adopted an open-access mandate in 2006.

27. Open Access Policy: Indian Scenario
The Working Group on Libraries for India's National Knowledge Commission (NKC) recommended an OA mandate for publicly-funded research, public funding for OA digitization projects, and a funding model to support OA journals in India in 2007.
University Grants Commission submission of Metadata and full text doctoral theses in electronic format Regulations 2005.
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru adopted an Open Access Self Archiving Mandate.

28. Open Access & Commercial Publishers
A no. of commercial publishers have adopted open access policies by launching open access journals & allowing its authors to deposit their postprints on open-access institutional repositories.
Elsevier announced its new policy permitting authors to post the final editions of their full-text Elsevier articles to their personal web sites or institutional repositories on June 3, 2004.
Oxford University Press launched its Oxford Open hybrid journal program on July 1, 2005.
Blackwell Publishing launched its Online Open hybrid journal program on February 24, 2005.

29. Open Access & Commercial Publishers………
Springer launched its Open Choice hybrid journal program on July 3, 2004.
The Royal Society launched its EXiS Open Choice hybrid journal model on June 21, 2006.
Cambridge University Press launched the Cambridge Open Option hybrid journal program on August 12, 2006.
The American Chemical Society launched its AuthorChoice hybrid journal program on August 14, 2006.

30. Open Access & Commercial Publishers………
The American Physical Society launched its Free To Read hybrid journal program on August 16, 2006.
The American Society of Plant Biologists adopted a hybrid journal program on September 25, 2006.
Taylor & Francis launched its iOpenAccess hybrid journal program on September 28, 2006.

31. Open Access & Commercial Publishers………
The Royal Society of Chemistry launched its Open Science hybrid journal program on October 3, 2006.
Sage Publications adopted a new policy to allow its authors to deposit their postprints on open-access institutional repositories on October 5, 2004.
Emerald launched Emerald Asset (Accessible Scholarship Shared in an Electronic Environment), a no-fee hybrid OA program for its engineering journals on January 5, 2007.

32. Libraries supporting Open Access
Libraries have also been actively involved through their institutions or associations in support of open access in other ways:
Educating faculty and administrators on campus
Building digital repositories to support self-archiving
Supporting open access journals.

33. Libraries supporting Open Access………
Providing links to open access journals and open access repositories on Library / Institution / University website.
Organizing training programs, seminar or lectures on open access.

34. Barriers to Open Access
Lack of knowledge of open access
Inadequate ICT connectivity and infrastructure
Inadequate Funding
Author publication fees
Inadequate advocacy
Intellectual Property Issues
Misconceptions about the credibility of open access
Lack of management support