1. Database Management System Introduction
UNIT : 1
Introduction
Pavan Kumar M.P B.E ,M.Sc(Tech) by Research,(Ph.D)
Assistant Professor
Dept of ISE
J.N.N .College Of Engineering
Shimoga

2. Talk Outline : Introduction Characteristic of Database Approach
Work Behind the scene and Action on the Scene
Advantage of DBMS
Brief History
Data Model and Schemas
Schemas Architecture
Data Independence
Database language and interface
The database system
environment
Centralized and client-server architectures;
Classification ofDatabase Management systems.

3. Introduction
I would like to say few words towards information system before we need to know about DBMS.
Early days, We have been a information system , even before the invention of computer system. Hope you agree this statement.!!!!!
You go anywhere in early dayz or visit the industry or go to hospital or railway station we found a chamber or booth entitled like  may I help you, “enquiry” , “ Public relationship officer” etc.
Do they represent the information system?????
I said YES, they will respond for peoples queries and give a valid suggestion on that idea today we come with a advance technology call it as DBMS.
DBMS another name is info - database system. It was discovered due to fast growth in internet and parallel to this data generation growth is also very fast. In this context DBMS was evolved.

4. Introduction
Before define the term Database Management System (DBMS) , We should formally define the term DATA and Database.
Data : it represent the collective information./ Data is some recorded facts and figures. Ex: Text , Audio, Numeric , video and Person name, address, id , ph number and so on.
Usually a Computer process the data and it must be recorded and stored in a appropriate format and finally user access the information With the help of appropriate Data Structure.
Data is discrete, It becomes an useful information when it became a concrete/ structured one by way of collection. That Concrete facility we obtained from Database.
Data is generated from different source: Bank system/Sector, GIS System , OLAP (online Analytical Processing)
Data can be collected, It can be stored, process and manipulated .

5. Database: is an integrated collection of related data where cross references is permitted on various set of data.
Database is nothing but collection of inter related data stored together.
Organizing the collective data / collection of data ( Homogeneous / heterogeneous)
Due to advancement of Science and Technology , today it is possible to store the data and retrieve the data and manipulate the data in a effective manner.
To database and database technology have a major impact on developing the advance computer machine. Coz maintain the huge data is not at all a simple job.
Advance Computer Machines are used for various real time operation and their maintenances. Ex: Aviation, Business, Control the satellite, Engineering, Education, Medical, Military, Library science etc.

6. Database: Data base and database system are an essential in our Daily activities, every day most of our activity and interaction with DB and DBMS.
Ex: Cash with drawl from Bank ATM or Bank Counter
Cash Deposit to a bank account.
online purchasing , booking the flight tickets and so on these interactions are called as Traditional DB applications.
In which most of the information is stored and accessed is either textual or numerical .
Database : collection of related data stored together.
Usually Data bases are designed, created and maintained in order to represent few of the real world entities or objects.
Database has capable to receive several queries from end user and gives the perfect responses.

7. Address book is best example for Simple DB:
Address book having : Name , Address, phone number, mobile number, id of different people say friends, relatives, colleagues and so on.
How ever now days we are having computerized DB facility from bank, insurance companies and so on.
Active database are used in control industries and manufacturing industries.
Now a days we can store the image , audio and video these are most important data for multimedia DB
Database: data base may be built and maintained manually or it can be created and manipulated and maintained as well with the help of computers.
ex: in early days library system maintain the ledgers of various account holders.
Now a days library system replace the ledgers by computers.
DATABASE CAN BE any size and varying complexity can be built, operated and maintained.
Once DB is created it can entertain to change their real word entity information.

8. Address book is best example for Simple DB:
Geographical Information system: can be used to store the satellite images, weather data storage.
DB and DBMS technology play major role in :
Business
Electronic commerce
Engineering
Medicine
Law
education and library science

9. In a Precise way database can be Defined as Follows:
Data base is a collection of related data. By means we can store the data and retrieve the data that has implicit / precise meaning.
Ex: Name , Address, Telephone number. Etc.
We store the recorded data in an indexed book and we may store it on hard disk or software ( Microsoft excel or access or oracle database ) via indexing concept.
Collection of data with an implicit meaning is DATABASE.
Database has the following implicit property:
Database are also called as UOD ( university of Disclosure) or Miniworld coz it represent the real world aspects / Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database.
For example, student grades and transcripts at a university
Ex: Image database , flower database, student database, bank database, medical picture database all are belongs to real time operations.

10. 2. Database is logically coherent ( consistent )collection of data with inheritance Meaning .
Ex: college database  which consist a data which are logically related to college.
3. Database is designed , built and populated / occupied with data for specific application purpose.
Ex: Youtube database  which Is meant for video storage and retrieval.

11. Usually user expect, database should be accurate and reliable.
Data base is used for various research and real time application, in such a cases, we (end users / users ) should interact with the database for inserting the data, updating the data or to retrieval the data.
Ex: I would like to purchase the Pen drive in a Flipkart. Flipkart has maintain the database of pen drive. Suppose flipkart DB has contain only one pendrive. Once I purchased that with in a fraction of sec flipkart db shows empty list.
This indicates that single modification / changes in the database that reflection appear in the database as soon as possible.

12. Database size ?
Database can be any size, it may be simple database or complex database.
Example for Simple database : Our college database is the best example For simple database. our college maintain DB having a record from 1980 to till today.
Ex: In college db contain: 1. Faculty profile information 2. Student profile information 3. Academic Information Salary and management information
Q1. What it indicates?
Consider a Simple DB and Complex DB !!! Ex???
Consider Amazon db example: Amazon is a online selling company it maintained a huge database for storing the product detail and their detailed information.
Amazon Db consist : 20 million books , CD’s DVD’s, electronic devices and other apparel information. For this purpose amazon maintain 2terebyte(TB) of data and stored the data over 200 different computers. This indicated the complexity.
 Huge db maintenance is not a simple task. !!!! And it Require high computation machine for maintain a huge DB.

13. Database Management System (DBMS)
Is a collection of program that enables the user to create and maintain the database.
DBMS is a general purpose software system that facilitates the process of defining, constructing, manipulating and sharing the database among various end-users, real and non real time application .
Once we create the data base , we should have awareness towards their constraints , maintenance, data types and structures. DB is set of tables.
Data type of various data item is stored in one or more tables.
Meta – Data : In DB data are stored in the form of catalog or dictionary( meta data is a set of data that describes and gives the information about other data) called as Meta Data.
Constructing(storage) the data base means creating and storing the data on some storage media(secondary storage) that is controlled by DBMS.
Manipulating the Database: means updateting the dB or to retrieve the specific data .
Sharing DB: means all the multiple user to access the DB at a time/ simultaneously.

14. Database Management System (DBMS)
Application Program : user can access the data with the help of application program in associated with a well defined queries. Or request.
Query : systematic way to access the data from DB.
Using queries Data to be retrieved from DB.
Transaction : means some data to be read and some data to be written in a DB.
Protection : Means database should be access and retrieved by authenticated users. Sometimes DB can generally accessed by all users but can't modify the DB.
Maintains: Should be regularly maintained and monitored  their requirements are change over time.

15. How to Create a Database Management System (DBMS)
By using General purpose software can we create DB???? ??
No – we can’t create the computerized data base by using general purpose DBMS software (oracle 10g) , so for we should write our own program for creating the computerize database!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Databases system means= DB + db software together we call as DB system.
Lab Session : we use Oracle 10g software , it act as general purpose db software.

16. Why DBMS ????
Optimizing the physical storage by this way DBMS removes the duplication.
DBMS gives a Security to the users information
Multiple users can access the data at a time!!!!
Unauthorized person cant change the DB design, it entertains only authorized user to modify the changes in DB.

17. Application program queries
Users / Programs
DB System
Application program queries
Database software
Software To Process Queries / Programs
Software to access the stored DATA
Stored DB
Stored DB
Meta Data
Dig for Simplified DBMS environment

18. Types of Databases and Database Applications
Numeric and Textual Databases : VTU DB
Multimedia Databases : sons.pk. , torrent, youtube
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) : Satellite DB
Data Warehouses : Flipkart, amazon
Real-time and Active Databases :
Youtube.

19. Basic Definitions
Database: A collection of related data. / collection of facts and figures
Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
Mini-world: Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database.
For example, student grades and transcripts at a university.
Database Management System (DBMS): A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a computerized database.
Database System: The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the applications are also included.

20. Typical DBMS Functionality
Define a database : in terms of data types, structures and constraints
Load :Construct or Load the Database on a secondary storage medium
Manipulating the database : querying, generating reports, insertions, deletions and modifications to its content
Processing :Concurrent Processing and Sharing by a set of users and programs – yet, keeping all data valid and consistent

21. An Example
Consider an University example:
University database usually consist Student, Section, course, and grades.
This tables represent the database structure.
here database is organized as five files/tables
Each file store the data records of same types.
Student file store the data/record on each student.
Course file store the data record on each course.
Section File: Store data record on each section of course.

22. Section File: Store data on each section of course.
Grade_Report: stores the data on grades that students receives in various section they have completed.
Prerequisite: file stores the prerequisite of each course.

23. An Example
In Construction of a University database, different data is stored in different files.
Records in the various files are related each other
Student Name Smith is appear twice in Grade Table.
DB may includes many types of records and each record may have many relationship among the records.
In DBMS , Vary Important one Is Data Manipulation: Querying and Updating.
Querying Means:
Retrieve the Transcript - I Would Like to List out all the DB users / courses/ grades of smith .
List out the Students names who choose / study only Database Subject.

24. An Example
Updating :
Adding the new data in the name of Smith .
Change name from smith to Smitha
Add a grade to Smitha .
In IT Industry, Database may be consist of various related application data.
We can create a new application inside the existing database called as Requirement definition analysis .
Ex: Single Db may handle both bank Db and University DB

25. Some mini-world relationships:
SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs
STUDENTs take SECTIONs
COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs
INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs
COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs
STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs
Take your own example and write the mini world relationship.

26. Characteristics of the Database approach
Many of characteristics distinguish the DB approach from the traditional Approach of Programming with Files.
In early days no DB!!!
In Traditional File Processing: Each user have maintain the individual files. That is relatively hard/ trivial task for processing the individual names in different files.
Ex: (each user/Case workes maintain the separate File)
Raju Maintain the Eligibility Student list.
Ramesh Maintain the Grading Files.
XYZ Maintain the Section File.
Raghu Maintain the Account File ( Fee payment).
Here Names are duplicated and few information may not be know to other case workers.

27. Raju don’t know anything about Account file and so on
Raju don’t know anything about Account file and so on. This kind of situation create the Redundancy in defining the store the data, It leads to Wastage of Memory in Computer system.
Where as in case of DBMS concept:
No Redundancy
Single Repository of data is maintained
Define once use/ access by many user.
File Processing – Single Name may appear many times, In case of DBMS- No Duplication at all.
Data is defined once used reputedly by using queries, Transactions.

28. Main characteristics of DB approach Vs File Processing approach as follows:
Self Describing nature of DB system.
Insulation Between Program, Data, and Data Abstraction
Support Multiple view of the Data.
Sharing of Data and multiuser transaction processing.

29. Self Describing nature of DB system:
Fundamental Characteristics of DBMS is - DBMS not only contain the DB itself , but it also contain Complete definition or description of Database structure and their constraints.
This definition is stored in the DBMS catalog , which contain information such as structure of each file, types and storage format(*.mdb) of each data item and various constraints on data.
Usually database store the data and user access the data on indexed basis and data is represented on the basis of catalog call it as “META-DATA”. / Information stored in the catalog is called as Meta Data.

30. Usually Database user and DBMS software uses the Catalog information to know the structure of Database.
If we consider any DBMS software package - they meant for DB Creation and they don’t have any direct application or not written for specific application. (Ex: Long Vehicle Chassis. – build a bus or lorry.) So for DB user use the catalog to know the structure of the DB files.
DBMS –can access the various database by extracting the database definition from the catlog.
( Select * from Student  we get the list of information in student table.)

31. DBMS software work equally with any number of DB applications
DBMS software work equally with any number of DB applications. Ex: Bank DB, Hospital DB ,College DB etc.
In case of File Processing – data base definition is defined in program themselves and these program is designed for particular application.. Whose structure is defined in application program.
Ex: In file processing -db structure is defined inside the program.
Construct the structure using C++ class.
DBMS  software can access diverse DB by extracting the DB definition from the catalog.
DBMS Software System???
Once we create DB ,the Software Package itself define the structure of db.
DBMS Usually refers the catalog to know the structure of particular table (Ex: student).

32. Insulation Between Program, Data, and Data Abstraction:
File Processing – want to change the structure of the file, which leads to change the program code, but this kind of restriction may not be applicable to DBMS concept.
DBMS – consist the catalog of individual table. So for we can easily access the any individual table and change it –this we call it as program data independency.
File access program may be written in such way that it can access the student records (fig 1.4). If we want add one more record say DOB to the student record need to change the entire program in case of file processing.
Where as in case of DBMS  have to change the table description, no need to change the program. (Alter Command)

33. DBMS support for program data independence and program operation independence call it as DATA abstraction.
Data Model is type that is used to provide conceptual representation.
Data Models uses the logical concepts such as objects , their properties and their interrelationship.
Data model help to the user to understand the computer storage concept and hide the implementation detail
DBMS – support for conceptual / intangible representation of data. It does not say how data is stored and how operation are implemented .

34. Support of Multiple views of the DATA.
In Multi user DBMS environment : every user have their own view and would like to print only Smith information/ required information. Those operation are permitted by DBMS.
View may be a subset of database or it may contain virtual data derived from DB files.
Multiuser DBMS whose users have a verity of Distinct applications must provide facilities for defining multiple views.
Ex1: Transcript Table is only printed.
Ex:2 I would like to display the Student Name and Phone number from Student Table.

35. Student
USN
NAME
ADDRESS
BRANCH
Phone Number
001
Arpitha
Shimoga CV
9844
002
Bharath EC
5719
NAME
Phone Number
Arpitha
9844
Bharath
5719

36. Sharing of Data and multiuser transaction processing.
In multiuser DBMS, Multi user can access the database at the same time.
this (Multiuser transaction processing ) is very much essential, if the data for multiple application is to be integrated and maintained by a single user/ single DB.
Concurrency control  DBMS software ensures several user try to access and update the DB in a controlled manner with high accuracy.
Ex: Online Ticket Booking. - OLTP (online transaction processing system)
Fundamental role of multi user DBMS  concurrent transaction operation correctly and effectively.
Transaction : accessing of one or more Database.
In DBMS Environment: Do The well defined operations – reading and updating of DB records.
Each transaction should be logically correct and one transactions should not affected by another transactions.

37. Sharing of Data and multiuser transaction processing.
DBMS supports for Isolation.
Isolation : each transaction should be appear as isolate (separate) transaction, even though thousands of transactions may be executing concurrently.
Atomicity: ensure that all the DB operations in a transaction are executed.

38. 1.4 Actors on the Scene
If the DB is very small and used by a single user. In such a cases, a user effectively defines, constructs and manipulate the DB, here DB may used by one user in such cases there no sharing of Data in DB.
In large organization, many people are involved in the define, design, Construct and maintenance of large DB with a hundred of users.
Actor on the scene : People/user those who involved in the Day by Day DB activity .
ex: We / User are going to reserve the Railway Ticket and Bus Ticket.
We / User interact with the ATM machine to with drawl the Money.
In this Context User are called as Actor on the Scene.

39. 1.4 .1 Database Administrator
In any organization where many people use the common resources, those resources were effectively allocate and managed by person called as Database Administrator (DBA).
DBA Responsibility is to administering the DB Resources.
DB consist 2 types of resources: Primary and Secondary Resources.
Primary Resources: DB itself is a primary Resource.
Secondary Resources: DBMS and Related software's.
DBA Also play other important roles which are as follows:
Allows authorize user to access the DB.
Coordinating and monitoring.
Software and Hardware Resource management.
Install and Update the Application Tool.
Backup and Restoring the DB during Failure.
Should Assist to his/her staff to handle the DB in a effective manner.
Avoid the security breaches.

40. DB Designer Should Do the following:
Database Designers
The person / group of people who are going to develop and finalize the DB model is called as DB Designer.
DB Designer Should design the DB based on the existing requirement and a developed DB Model should ensure and support the Real world system activities and demands. / (DB Designer responsible for identifying the data to be stored in the database and choosing appropriate structure to represent and store the data. )
Before development of DB, DB Designer should conduct a Demand Survey from DB user/end users. Based the DB user demand DB designer developed the DB.
DB Designer Should Do the following:
Create Conceptual Design of DB. ( what kind of DB should be develop)
DB designer should interact with group users and develop the Views of DB that ensure/ fulfill the user requirement.
DB Should be designed to store the data (group of Data) and choose the appropriate Data Structure to represent and retrieval of Data.
Define Tables, Identify the Primary Key, Constraint, Define the Relationship.

41. END USERS
End user are nothing but a people those who is going to access, updating the DB via queries, and generating the reports.
There are many end users in DBMS:
Casual End users: Access the DB Occasionally, and their requirements are vary from time to time.
Casual users would like to access the different information at different time.
They must use highly sophisticated DB query language (SQL) to specify their request.
Casual End users are High level managers and occasional users.

42. END USERS
Naïve or Parametric End user : Constantly engage in querying and updating the database via standard types of queries and updates – termed as Canned Transactions.
Naive user includes Bank teller(Cashier –cum clerk sitting in the bank tellers counter), Booking agents, Reservation Clerk at counter for airline, Railway, Hotel Reservation.
Sophisticated End user :
Here Sophisticated end-user Implement their applications on databases for their varied and as per complex requirements.
Includes Engineers, Scientist, Business analyst.
Standalone Users: Readymade Software Package
User maintain their DB for personal Use.via built in Package that offers User Friendly Graphical Interface.
Ex: Income Tax assessment Package- Tally Software.

43. 1.4.4 System Analysts and Application Programmers (Software Engineers)
System Analysts: ( Provides user Requirement Blue Print)
Who should understand the requirement of end user and develop DB according to User requirement.
Prepare and understand the problem
Design the proposed system.
Monitor and review the new system.
Application Programmers :
Application Programmers are software engineers who implement the user requirement and System analyst specification .
After Implementation , he/she going to conduct the Testing to find the bugs and recover .
Provides adequate document.

44. 1.5 Workers Behind The scene
The person who is typically not interested towards DB such kind of personalities we call them as Work behind the scene.
It includes :Designer, implementer , administrator, Analyst and who made DB operation for Updating and maintenance.
Let’s see one by one:
1. DBMS SYSTEM DESIGINERS AND IMPLEMENTOR:
Itz a Core Team for DBMS devlopment and its activities.
DBMS is very complex software system that consist many components or modules, .
They Design and implement the DBMS modules and develop very best Graphical user interfaces for DBMS software package over Operating system in associated with well matured Programming language.
DB Modules including the module for implementation the catalog, programming query language interface , Concurrency control , Data Recovery and security.
They also integrate the all these DBMS module into General purpose software package.
DBMS must interface with other system software such as OS and complier for various programming language.

45. 1.5 Workers Behind The scene
Tool Developers :
Tool is a separate packages, separately we have to purchase, in addition to general purpose DB software.
The person who design and implement the various software tool and utilities - they assist the DB Design, Performance monitoring, graphical interface,. These people will also conducted the DB design and testing.
Ex of Tools: Performance Monitoring, Natural Language GUI, Test simulation.
They take the Trail of usage (work with Developed DB Software) just to find the performance and monitoring.
Operator and Maintenance Personnel :
Person who conduct the execution and maintenance activities of actual hardware and software in DBMS Environment.
Ex: Instructors in Lab.

46. 1.5 Intended Use of DBMS:
Provides the Data Independence.
Provides Multiple user interface and sharing of DATA.
Providing Back Up and Recovery.
Providing the facility to Restrict the unauthorized persons to access the DB.
Reduce the Redundancy ( Store the Same Data Multiple Times)

47. 1.5 Advantages of Using DBMS Good DBMS should posses the following
Concurrency and Redundancy Control:
In Case of File Processing , single record or information may be stored in multiple times. This leads a various problems.
Ex: University DB
Redundancy means Storing the same data multiple times which leads to several problems.
1. Duplication – same data is stored multiple times.
2. Storage Space is wasted.
3. Inconsistency – Representing the same data in a different format leads inconsistent.
Ex: 04/03/ march / 03 /87 pavankumar M.P , M.P pavan Kumar ID
Name
Address
DOB 01
Pavan M.P Kumar
Shimoga
04/03/1987
Pavan Kumar M.P
Shivamoga
04/march/1987

48. 1.5 Advantages of Using DBMS
Good DBMS should posses the following
Concurrency and Redundancy Control:
In case of DBMS approach, Views of Different users/ group users are integrated during DB design to come with BEST DBMS. (Bank DB: Manager and USER View)
In a well defined dB: in DB Data are stored in logical way and dbms is the only one place to store the data without duplication.
Concurrency Control : Entertains to access and update DB by multiple authentic users at a time.
This may ensure the consistency and save of storage space.
concurrency control improve the performance of DB and also prohibit the inconsistency among the files.

49. 1.5 Advantages of Using DBMS
Restricting unauthorized Access
When multiple users shares the large DB, it is likely that most of the users will not be authorized to access all information in the DB.
Ex: JNNCE Students  not a permission to access the Kotak bank DB and JNNCE Financial DB module.
Only Authorized user /persons are allowed to access the such data. Ex principal and account officer.
Few user only the permission to retrieve the data.
Ex: being a kotak bank customer , you can access your bank account information.
DBA only access and control all the DB activities.
DBMS system having General purpose DB software that provides a various kinds of privileged to various users.

50. 1.5 Advantages of Using DBMS
Providing persistent (constant) Storage structure for programming Object
DB can be used to provide a persistent storage for programming object and Data structure.
This is main reason we call DBMS has object Oriented DBMS. (Alternative Name)
Programming Languages like C++, Pascal etc. which allows to create object by using variables, once the program terminated, decaled Program object oriented programming variables was discarded. Unless programmer store the data in a permanent files.
[ In general, want to store the data permanently via Files: Programmer should convent complex structure into appropriate file structure format, and if he/she want to access the information from file again need to convert file structure format to programming variable structure]
Object oriented DBMS are more comfortable with JAVA and C++. DBMS perform necessary conversion. Complex Object oriented C++/sql is stored permanently in OO DB such a objects are called as persistent coz even the DB program was terminate , we can directly access the DATA by another C++program / SQL query.

51. Impedance Mismatch Problem : early days traditional DB may face the impedance mismatch problem. Data Structure provides by the DBMS may not compatible with Programming Language DATA STRUCTURE.
But now a day most of the DBMS system adopted the OOP Concept which may provides compatibility between DBMS and one or more O .O. programming language.
Concussion of this Topic
1. In DBMS objects are Persistent coz even though program terminate objects are safe.
2. Impedance Mismatch will be over come.

52. 1.5 Advantages of Using DBMS
Providing the Storage Structures for Efficient Query Processing
DBMS has capable to store the data and update the data concurrently and finally data is stored on DISK.
If we want to speed up the DB to access the data in an earliest manner, we should adopted the indexed concept, indexed concept is bases on either Tree based D.S or Hash Based Data Structure.
Buffering Module: which store the fetched data in a temporary manner and it support to boost up the searching speed.
Query Processing and Optimization modules ensure / provides the efficient query to access the intended data from DB.

53. 1.5 Advantages of Using DBMS
Providing Backup and Recovery
DBMS effectively manage the hardware and software failure.
In DBMS , failure of hardware or software will not effect to the storage data.
If the DBMS system failure in middle of the transaction, even though recovery subsystem ensure the complete data transaction from failure point.
Providing Multiple User interfaces
Most of the DBMS now a day provides a WEB GUI.
DBMS Provides various level / types of User interface according their cadre / working role.
Ex: Query language facility to casual user in bank,
Programming language interface to the application programmer.
Form and command codes facility to parametric user.
Natural language interface to the standalone users.

54. 1.5 Advantages of Using DBMS
Representing complex relationships among the data:
DBMS has capable to represent variety of complex relationship among the data, and to define the new relationship they arise. such that complex interrelated data can be cross referenced. (university ex)
Record for Brown in the Student File is related to 4 records in GRADE_REPROT.

55. Enforcing the integrity constraints:
Database enforcing the integrity constraints that means it specifies the data types for each data items.
If we going to deal with integer values, should specify the data type integer.
In the same context, If we deal with string, should specify the data type character.
If we deal with string and integer values, should specify the data type variable character varchar / varchar2.
in this table clearly say that
We can write the student name with
30 character not more than that.

56. 1.6.1 Additional Implication (suggestion ) of using the DB Approach
Potential for Enforcing Standards
DBMS approach permits the DBA to define and enforce the Standards among DB users in large organization.
Enforcing the standards facilitates: allows the different people and departments work towards to achieve the common goal in a DBMS ENVIORNMENT.
Standard means Common Display Format, Report Structures format, Terminology and so on. Ex: vijay bank ATM account statement , Receipt format is common to all users
Reduced Application Development Time
Once DB is created many different application can be deployed over DB by this manner we can reduced the application development time.
Flexibility:
As per the requirement, DB can also be Change to fulfill the real time demand.
Ex: would like to add one more to group to DB.

57. 1.6.1 Additional Implication of using the DB Approach
Availability of Up-to Date Information:
DBMS is always up to date. If one user modified the data/ manipulate the data in shared DB, all user get that modification with in fraction of seconds.
Ex: Sensex – Gold Rate. US Currency Variation, WIKI Pedia Updates and Bank – Rate of Interest and so on.
Economies of Scale :
DBMS allows to consolidated the data and applications , by this manner it reduces the amount of wasteful data in DB.
If the Data overlapping and redundancy occur in DBMS projects, it reduces the DBMS computation speed and demand for super computer/ powerful processor, storage devices. But DBMS avoids data overlapping by this manner ,it (DBMS) reduces the overall cost.

58. 1.7 A brief History of Database Applications:
1.7.1 Early Database Applications using Hierarchical and Network System:
Early DB Applications  maintain the records in varies organization like hospital, Corporations, Universities, Bank and so on.
Many of these applications, stored the records of similar structure.
Ex: University Application and their table relationship.
Early Dayz DB - big problem – intermixing of conceptual relationship with physical storage and placement of records on disk.
Ex: grade table is stored next to student record.  chance of mixing the data.
This type of intermixing may not provide the much flexibility to access the data .
Early days system provided only programming interface . This made it time consuming and expensive to implement the queries and transactions, since new programs had to be written , tested and debugged .
Early 1960s, DB are implemented on Main frame computers and its expensive also`. In Conceptually we said early system were based Hierarchy base, network base and inverted file system.

59. 1.7 A brief History of Database Applications:
Providing Application Flexibility with Relational DB.
Relational DB was proposed to separate the physical storage of data from conceptual representation and provide a mathematical foundation for content storage.
In relation data model also introduce high level query language that furnish the alternative to programming language interface.
In 1970 – DBMS systems were slow!!!!!
University Db ex is the best ex for relationship representation.
1990- index concept was introduced for better way to access the DB , query processing and optimization.

60. Object Oriented Application and need for more Complex Databases:
Appearance of OOPG (object oriented programming) in `– 1980 –capable to store and share the Data. This leads and motivates to implement the OODB. (object oriented Database )
OODB is more advance and competitor to relation DB
OODB provides general DATA STRUCTURE (DS), which incorporated many of useful object oriented paradigms. Such as encapsulation, abstract data, inheritance and so on .
Early DB were lack of restrictions, those issues were overcome by adopting OOPS concepts.
Even OOPS concept was used for engineering applications, manufacturing system and so on.

61. 1.7 A brief History of Database Applications:
Interchanging DATA on web for E commerce”
WWW provides a large network , it has capable to connect many number of Computers.
User (employs) can create a Documents On web servers by using HTML . (hyper text markup language ) those documents are accessed via hyperlinks.
Now a days  XML is used to exchange the data between many databases.

62. 1.7 A brief History of Database Applications:
Extending Database Capability for new Applications:
Success of DB system in traditional applications encourage to developers to develop other types of applications. Such a type of application have their own file and Data Structure. which are as follows:
Scientific Applications: Store huge amount of DATA resulting from Scientific Experiments in the area of high energy physics and satellite data .
Storage and retrieval of images, from scanned news or personal photos, X ray images, MRI images and a satellite images.
Storage and retrieval of video clips, Historical Data Management and Data mining ( searching of exact pattern )
Implementations of above application over a DB requires : More Advance Data Structure modeling concepts are required rather than traditional simple relational representation.
New Data Types were Need along with Numeric and Character String types.
New storage and indexing concept in associated with optimal query language were needed.

63. Two popular DBMS packages in now a days:
Enterprises Resource planning (ERP) :
It include variety of functionalities like finance, Human Resource, Academic, Department information, Students, Feed back with in the Organization.
Ex: JNNCE  ERP software and it was developed by sun+.
Customer Relationship management (CRM):
CRM is a web enabled application software.
It include variety of functionalities like Marketing, Finance and customer support function.
Ex: google drive , Youtube

64. 1.7 A brief History of Database Applications:
Databases VS Information Retrieval
Traditionally, DB stores the DATA in well defined Structure and format. In DB, data arise in routine applications like Govt bodies, business and industry.
Very big organization ( IRON, Software MNC, GOVT Funded Projects ) majorly used the DBMS for information storage. When user going to access the data from DB, DBMS displayed the results /information via a structured forms, this kind of operation is call it as Image Retrieval.
Information Retrieval may also access the information from journals, technical papers, web sources and books.

65. 1.8When Not use a DBMS:
DBMS has a many advantage at the same time it may not be necessary also.
When DBMS may involves unnecessary overhead cost in such a cases DBMS may not be suitable.
Following Reasons says when not use a DBMS.
High Initial Investment in Hardware, software and training.
Overhead for providing security, concurrency control, Recovery and back up.
Additional Problem may arises if the Database designers and DBA do not properly design the database. Most cases regular files are more better than DBMS. Reasons as follows:
If the user deal with simple Data, no need of DBMS. Ex: labors daily pay detail.
Stringent (tough) – to meet the Real time DB requirement creates unnecessary overhead.
NO multiuser access the DATA in DATABASE. ( single user DB )

66. End of 1st Chapter