1. Plant Interactions with the Environment

2. Plant Evolution: How have plants adapted over time to survive in different environments?

3. Bryophytes: Mosses Have cuticle & stomata, but no true roots
Water is required for fertilization
Fertilization occurs with spores

4. Non- Seed Plants: Produce spores
Can be vascular or non-vascular, but have no true roots
All vascular have xylem and phloem
Whisk ferns, horse tails, club and ferns are vascular non-seeded
Horse Tails
Ferns

5. Seed Plants Gymnosperms and Angiosperms produce seeds
more effective than spores
cones, flowers, pollen and seeds are adaptations that allow fertilization without water
all are vascular
Use xylem and Phloem

6. Rely on wind for pollination
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Use pollen and cones
“naked seed” plants
Rely on wind for pollination
Examples include pines, firs, spruces, junipers, cedars, cypress, and redwoods.
Use pollen and flowers
These seeds develop inside a fruit
Angiosperms are most successful because of the fruits and flowers (Evolution)

7. Everyday Plant Adaptations
Phototropism – Plants move towards the sunlight for more energy
Gravitropism – Plants grow towards gravity for water
Selective Stomata Opening and Closing – Plants Conserve Water

8. Biome Adaptations: Rainforest
Slide shaped leaves allow water to run off to prevent fungal infections
Stilt root systems allow for better anchorage in shallow soil
Large leaf size help plants trap sunlight so photosynthesis can occur with little available sunlight

9. Biome Adaptations: Tundra
Grow close to the ground for warmth
Shallow root systems to absorb limited available water
Dark pigmented plants absorb more heat

10. Biome Adaptations: Desert
Deep roots to access water stored underground
Few stomates to prevent water loss
Thick cuticle to prevent water loss

11. Plant Responses
Tropisms- response to external stimuli
may be positive (toward the stimuli)
negative (away from the stimuli)
respond to hormones that cause growth, fruiting, cell division, and ripening

12. Types of Tropisms:
Gravitropism- response to gravity (stems and roots); (negative and positive)
Phototropism- positive, plants grow toward light
Thigmotropism- response to pressure (Venus flytrap)
Nastic Movement- touch; vines attach to wall
Ex - Venus Flytrap (decrease in turgor pressure)

14. Hormones in Plants Auxin Cytokinins Gibberellins Abscisic Acid
Stimulates stem growth
Causes plant to grow toward the light
Cytokinins
Affects root growth, stimulates cell division
Gibberellins
Promotes seed and bud germination
Abscisic Acid
Inhibits growth, closes stomata, seed dormancy
Ethylene
Promotes fruit ripening
Ripening will slow down in lower temperatures