1. Population and settlement

2. Population key words
Death rate
Birth rate
Natural increase
Life expectancy
Infant mortality
Dependency ratio
Overpopulation

3. Birth rate – The number of live babies born in a year for every 1000 people. Death rate – The number of people who die in a year for every 1000 people. Natural increase – Where the number of live births is bigger than the number of deaths. Life expectancy - the average number of years a person born in a particular country might be expected to live. Infant mortality – The number of babies that die before the age of 1, for every 1000 births. Dependency ratio – A measure of the number of people such as children and pensioners who are dependent on the working population. Overpopulation – When the population of the country is so great that there are not enough resources for all.

4. Population pyramids 1 Male Female 2 3 4
A population pyramid shows a countries population structure. It looks at the number of males and females in each age group.
1. The higher the top bar on the pyramid the better the life expectancy.
2.. You can see if there are an equal number of men and women. 1
Male
Female 2 3 4
4. The 0-4 age group tells you about the birth rate.
3. Bulges and dips occur when lots of people move in or out of a country or are killed in a war

5. Demographic transition model (DTM)
More healthcare/education/empowered women
Natural increase
Amazon population
Ethiopia
India UK
Germany

6. Overpopulation Way to many people for the number of resources!
Happens to LEDCs/ NICs because they have high birth rates and a falling death rate (they are developing slowly)
Not enough jobs.
Services cant cope.
Economic
Food shortages
Increased waste and pollution.
Social
Environmental
Not enough houses.
Increased poverty.
Children have to work to support large families.
Natural resources such as wood are used up.

7. China's One Child Policy Population management
Why was Chinas population controlled?
China had to control its population as the country was increasing and increasing. In the 1950s, China wanted to improve its wealth; the President thought the country had too many people to increase its wealth.
-There were more people in China than the combined population of Europe, the Americas and Japan.
-The population was creeping quickly to 1 Billion people.
Reasons why China thought it wouldn’t become rich with a big population
-Need more food which means they couldn’t sell a lot to other countries
The government would have to spend a lot of money on health care and education.
Wouldn’t be enough jobs for everyone so the government would have to pay benefits
China's One Child Policy
Population management
Has it worked?
The birth rate in China has fallen since 1979, and the rate of population growth is now 0.7%.
China's one-child policy has been somewhat relaxed in recent years. Couples can now apply to have a second child if their first child is a girl, or if both parents are themselves only-children.
While China's population is now rising more slowly, it still has a very large total population (1.3 billion in 2008).
The One child Policy
In the Chinese government introduced the One Child Policy. This meant each couple could only have one child.
If couples had more than one child they would have to pay fines or they would force the mother to have an abortion. You had to be married and over 25years to have children.
If couples had one child they would get free healthcare, education and money.
Married couples in the countryside were allowed 2 children as the government saw that children were needed to help with farming.
As families were only allowed one child, most wanted a boy to keep on the family name, so if women found out they were having a girl they would adopt or abort the baby. This now has created a large population of males and not enough females. In 2000, it was reported that 90% of foetuses aborted in China were female. Today it is thought that men outnumber women by more than 60 million.

8. Ageing population Cause Management Effects Encourage larger families
Good healthcare
Cause
Management
Encourage immigration= more working population
Life expectancy
Good facilities
Raise the retirement age
Pressure on healthcare
Pensions
Economy grows more slowly.
Effects
Increased taxes
People look after elderly relatives and have fewer children

9. Pull factors (positive) Push factors (negative)
Migration
Refugees = forced to leave a country due to things like war, religious persecution or a natural disaster.
Economic migrant= move voluntarily from poorer to richer places looking for higher wages and a better quality of life.
Immigration
Emigration
Pull factors (positive)
Push factors (negative)
Economic
A shortage of jobs.
Low wages
Social
Poor standard of living
Poor healthcare and education
Political
Being persecuted because of religion or political views
War
Environmental
Natural hazards
A poor environment due to crime or pollution
Economic
More jobs
Higher wages
Social
Better standard of living
Better healthcare and education
Political
Being free to worship as they like and join any political party
No war
Environmental
A safe place with little crime or risk of natural disaster.
A cleaner environment.

10. Impacts of international migration
Migrant workers pay taxes that help to fund services.
Skills shortage- skilled people migrate.
Money is usually sent back.
Locals and immigrants compete for jobs-tension and conflict.
Source
(Where they have come from)
There’s a bigger labour force.
Host
(where they go to)
Labour shortage- working age people migrate.
Some money earned by immigrants is sent home rather than spent in the host country.
The increased demand for services can lead to overcrowding.
There is less pressure on services.
Elderly people left who cant work or contribute the economy.
Points based system- Allows choice of who comes into the country. People are given points based on education, age, work experience and whether they speak the language.
Limits and targets- Limits and targets are set by some countries to make sure they don’t let too many or too few . The limits are set by looking at how many jobs are available.
Controlling illegal immigration- Lots of countries arrest and force illegal immigrants to leave the country. People who house illegal immigrants can be sent to jail.

11. Impacts to Poland (origin country) Impacts to the UK (host country)
Migrants moving from Poland to the UK are classed as economic migrants.
International migration
Between 2004 and 2007 half a million poles arrived
Poland to the UK
The UK has pull factors such as
higher wages of £20,000
low unemployment of 4%.
Higher standard of living
Higher education opportunities
Already a multicultural society
Part of the EU so can enter easily and gain a working visa
Push factors from Poland include -high unemployment of 19%.
-Low wages of £8000
housing shortages with only 300 houses available for every 1000 people
Lack of higher education
Low standard of living
If a country is part of the EU, you can move freely between every country
The UK government attempts to manage immigration. Polish workers have to register under the worker registration scheme. For new EU countries like Bulgaria the government tightened their control and now migrants have to get permission from the home office to work here and it is only granted for certain jobs – where there is a shortage. Other counties manage migration through a point based system based on education, age, language ability etc e.g. Australia. The UK is looking at this. We also have limits and targets set and we control illegal immigration though deportation – here illegal migrants are arrested, jailed and forced to return home.
Impacts to Poland (origin country)
(+) Money is sent back to Poland, this is called remittances, this strengthens their economy (£1bil)
(-) Skilled workers leaving Poland, this is called the Brain drain
(-) Underpopulation, an ageing population in Poland. (82% aged migrant from Poland)
(+) Most migrants are temporarily leave Poland, so come back with better skills and money
Impacts to the UK (host country)
(+) Polish migrants contributed £1.9 billion in taxes .
(+) provide skilled workers like plumbers, will do unpleasant jobs like cleaning.
(+) Creates multicultural society
(-) Puts pressure on public services (health, education)
(-) creates tension in the community (e.g they take our jobs)
(-) overcrowding

12. Urbanisation (LEDCs) Push factors Pull factors Rural impacts
Few jobs and low wages-farming.
Lack of services.
Poor harvests- risk of starvation and no income.
Pull factors
More jobs and better wages- industry is attracted to LEDC cities.
Better services-clean water, healthcare.
Rural impacts
An increasingly elderly population, they may struggle with every day living tasks.
Even fewer services as they close with less demand and funding from taxes.
Urban impacts
Overcrowding- shortage of housing and jobs.
Increased traffic, pollution and waste.
Squatter settlements- disease, badly built, flooding risk, and no basic facilities.
Urban management
Building more houses and attracting industry.
Easing traffic and pollution by improving infrastructure.
Shanty towns- Self help scheme and site and service schemes.
Rural management
Investing in local services- provide jobs.
Giving loans and grants to businesses to move there.
Improving local transport so its easier for people to get around.

14. Counter-urbanisation (MEDCs)
Push factors
Pollution and traffic congestion.
High crime rates.
Houses cost more due to high land price.
Pull factors
Better transport links to commute.
Growth of IT= work from home.
Out of town businesses= jobs out of city.
Urban impacts
Inner city areas with problems become more disused and rundown.
Commuters prefer to shops and work on the outskirts so services and shops loose customers.
Rural impacts
House prices increase due to increased demand.
Commuters use shops and services closer to work so local ones loose customers.
Dormant villages created with no community sprit.
Urban management
Re-developing areas to attract people back.
Re-generating shopping areas- public transport and pedestrianising areas.
Rural management
Making policies to provide more housing for local people.
Investing in services to keep them open for the elderly.

15. Urban land use The suburbs The inner city The rural urban fringe CBD
1. Medium class housing (semi-detached)
2. Less crowded and more pleasant with less traffic and pollution.
3. Richer people who can afford to commute.
4. People with families due to space and leisure activities.
Low class housing and old industry.
Smaller houses that are terraced.
Poorer people who cant afford to commute and those who can only afford small houses.
Ethnic groups live here so they are near important services- churches
The rural urban fringe
CBD
Business parks and high quality detached housing.
Lots of space and accessible for commuters.
The land is cheaper.
Richer people who like rural life live here.
1. Business- shops and offices.
2. Very busy and accessible.
3. Land is expensive.
4. Centre point for entertainment.

16. Environmental changes
MEDC Land Use Change
Vauban, Freiburg
Social Changes
All people’s daily needs (schools and shops) and within walking distance
No street parking allowed
Tram line to Freiburg CBD
Environmental changes
Low energy buildings
Buildings use solar heating
Conserve heat
Lots of green space
Rows of preserved trees
80% of rainwater is collected for local use
Economic Changes
6000 jobs created
Free pass for public transport

17. Retail services Changes in retail Convenience Comparison
Out of town shopping
Comparison goods
Medium threshold population
Large sphere of influence
Changes in retail
Car ownership allows people to travel further.
People want a larger range of goods at cheaper prices- smaller specialist shops cant meet this.
The internet has allowed more convenient shopping
Convenience
Cheap, brought frequently, low order
Village shops
Convenience goods
Low threshold population
Small sphere of influence
Comparison
Expensive, brought occasionally, high order
City centre
Comparison goods
High threshold population
Large sphere of influence
Shopping parades
Comparison and convenience goods
Medium threshold population
Medium sphere of influence
Sphere of influence
The area that people come from to visit a shop
Corner shops
Convenience
Low threshold population
Small sphere of influence
Threshold population
The minimum number of people needed to support a shop

18. Retail Provision Change Meadowhall, Sheffield
Since the 1980s, much of the retail development in the UK has been in the form of out-of-town developments as land is cheaper, more land is available in the countryside, workers are nearby and good transport links.
Retail Provision Change
Meadowhall, Sheffield
It has excellent access to the market (consumers) and for supply, being next to the M1 motorway
Meadowhall opened in 1990 on the site of an old steelworks
280 shops
10 large anchor stores
50 places to eat and drink
11 screen cinema
Pushchair hire and wheel chair access
It has a good catchment area, with over 11 million people within an hours drive.
Meadowhall has over
25 million visitors a year
Employs over 7000
Advertises on Twitter, Facebook and Youtube
Shopping rewards card
Smartphone app
Economic impacts
-Provides jobs in the local
-Gives local income to strengthens the economy through consumers and local council
BUT CBD is struggling as most people go to Meadowhall rather than town centre, so urban decay.
Meadowhall is in Sheffield
Trade in the local CBDs have decreased by over 50%