1. American History: Chapter 8
VARIETIES OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM

2. Building a National Market
Henry Clay’s "The American System" (strengthen the home market), ride the American wave of Nationalism
strong banking system
protective tariff
network of canals and roads

3. Building a National Market
Francis Cabot Lowell:
1st mill for spinning and weaving
Post War of 1812 Economic Problems:
Britain flooded the US market with goods
Hurt US economy
Need for tariff(s)

4. Building a National Market
1st Bank of US expired in 1811
State banks issued notes
2nd BUS:
Charter for 20 years in 1816

5. Building a National Market
Tariff of 1816:
Designed to protect American industries
Protective tariff, not just a revenue tariff
(response to British surplus and undercutting)
increase of tariffs price of tariffs 20-25%

6. Building a National Market Cont.
Transportation improvements
Building of roads, canals, turnpikes, etc.
Question: who should fund, federal, or state government?
National Road:
Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia
Funded by federal government

7. Building a National Market Cont.
Calhoun’s internal improvements bill:
Proposed for federal government to finance internal improvements
“Let us, then, bind republic together with a perfect system of roads and canals.”
Vetoed by Madison – believed Congress did not have authority to fund the project

8. Expanding Westward After War of 1812, many Americans moved westward
Fewer Native Americans, less threats
Huge increase in population
Need for more farmland out west
Cotton, like tobacco, exhausted land, was a large cash crop

9. Expanding Westward 1821, Mexico gains independence
Building of forts on the Mississippi River and Great Lakes
Erie Canal
1821, Mexico gains independence
US increases trade

10. The “Era of Good Feelings”
Huge increase in nationalism (Post-War of 1812)
1 political party rule (Democratic-Republicans)
Attributed to Monroe’s Presidency,
a little misleading...sectionalism and bank sales of public lands

11. The “Era of Good Feelings”
Election of 1816:
Continuing of the Virginia Dynasty
Rufus King (Federalist) received 34 electoral votes
Goodwill tour of the country
Monroe chose John Q. Adams as his Sec. of State
stepping stone position to the presidency

12. Building a National Market
John Q. Adams’ three point focus:
Oregon Territory
Florida
The Monroe Doctrine

13. The “Era of Good Feelings”
Oregon Territory:
Oregon Country
Claimed by British and U.S.
agreed to joint occupation for min. 10 years
opened Oregon to American expansion

14. The “Era of Good Feelings”
Florida:
Seminole War:
Invasion of Florida by Andrew Jackson (U. S. “needed”protection from Indians)
Adams argued Spain could not control its residents in Florida
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (aka Florida Purchase Treaty):
US gained all of Florida in exchange for:
US gave up its claim to Texas
Spain gave up its claim to the Pacific NW

15. The “Era of Good Feelings”

16. The “Era of Good Feelings” Cont.
Panic of 1819:
Overspeculation on land (buying of a good in hopes of selling it at a higher price in the future)
The BUS began tightening its credit and calling in loans
Many state banks began to fail
poorer class were strapped, imprisoned for debts
many blamed the BUS for the depression
(became know as a “financial devil”)

17. The “Era of Good Feelings” Cont.

18. Sectionalism and Nationalism
MO Compromise:
1819, MO (part of LA Purchase) applies for statehood as a slave state
it’s located more towrds the north
This would make 12 slave states and 11 free
Tallmadge Amendment:
Proposal: Gradually emancipate the slaves in Missouri
Debate in Congress:
Northern states- in favor
Southern states- vehemently opposed (seen as a step towards ending ALL slavery)
Both sides argued the other was leading the nation to a civil war

19. Sectionalism and Nationalism
The Solution...Henry Clay (Speaker of the House)
MO added as a slave state
ME (from Massachusetts) added as a free state
Balance stays equal at 12 states free, 12 slave
Slavery prohibited in Louisiana Territory above 36°30’

20. Sectionalism and Nationalism
Impact of MO Compromise
Slavery would be the NUMBER ONE issue in national politics until the Civil War
Helped lead to an increase in sectionalism
At the time many felt this Compromise benefited the south
Land north of the Missouri Compromise was thought to be useless for slave labor
The south however acknowledged that Congress could determine whether or not a state could be free or slave...

21. Sectionalism and Nationalism Cont.
John Marshall:
4th Chief Justice
During his reign, the national government became more powerful, at the expense of states
he helped improve the economy

22. Sectionalism and Nationalism Cont.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward:
NH government tried to change the charter
Daniel Webster (great orator, future senator) argued the case
Marshall said a charter is a contract that could not be changed
Cohens v. Virginia:
Supreme Court can review state court decisions
Again, federal government gains more power at states expense

23. Sectionalism and Nationalism Cont.
***McCulloch v. Maryland*** (1819)
Background: Maryland hated the BUS, tried to tax it
Marshall and the court said the states could NOT tax a federal agency
“the power to tax is the power to destroy”
Essentially, the Supreme Court states the BUS is constitutional

24. Sectionalism and Nationalism Cont.
***Gibbons v. Ogden*** (1824)
Issue was with interstate trade (involving more than one state)
Stated that only Congress could regulate interstate trade
More power to federal government

25. Sectionalism and Nationalism Cont.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Stated Georgia could not interfere with Native land
Decision was not enforced, Natives were forced to leave

26. Sectionalism and Nationalism Cont.
The Monroe Doctrine
Background:
early 1800's Spanish colonies gain independence in Latin America
Will other European powers try to replace Spain?
Russia's movement/trade in Oregon Territory and beyond
is this a threat U.S. claims to Oregon?
British propose a joint declaration regarding the West Hem.:
each would oppose interference with other newly established nations
each would agree not to establish new colonies in the Americas
(if agreed upon, America would be subservient to Britain, and limit U.S. expansion)

28. Sectionalism and Nationalism Cont.
The Monroe Doctrine 1823
No European interference with independent nations in the western hemisphere
No European colonization in the Americas
U. S. will address new independent nations in Latin America, and Russian expansion
U.S. agrees to stay out of European affairs (Greek rebels fighting for independence vs. Turks)
US would consider any challenge to this as unfriendly

29. Sectionalism and Nationalism Cont.
Impacts:
Short-term?
Little to none
Long-term?
US would be the dominant power in the W. Hem.
Foundation of U. S. foreign policy
Message to European nations
STAY OUT OF OUR BACKYARD!

32. The Revival Opposition
The “Corrupt Bargain”:
4 candidates for the election of 1824
John Q. Adams
Andrew Jackson
William Crawford
Henry Clay
No electoral majority
needed 131 electoral votes to win
A. J. has most electoral and popular votes

33. The Revival Opposition
12th Amendment...House decides on the top 3
Henry Clay (Speaker of the House), finished 4th and was out of the running
Crawford eliminated b/c of a stroke
Henry Clay (Speaker of the House)
support John Q. Adams, not A. J.
in exchange for???

34. The Revival Opposition
Adams becomes President, Henry Clay becomes his Secretary of State (remember, stepping stone position)
Clay and Jackson not fond of each other
Clay denounced Jackson's attack in Florida in 1818
Jackson viewed as "militant" and vied for western allegiance
Jackson and his supporters were outraged
Known as the “Corrupt Bargain of 1824”

35. The Revival Opposition
Real or perceived, the "corrupt bargain" hurt Adams' presidency
Adams was very experienced (diplomat, senator, Sec. of State)
First "minority president"
Adams proposals (funding for the arts, a second National Bank, expanded internal improvements) met with great opposition
Adams frustrated supporters by not rewarding party workers with positions
Adams held to a nationalistic viewpoint

36. The Revival Opposition
Tariff of Abominations (1828):
Raised tariff rates drastically
Hated by South and West
Favored by manufacturers in NE

37. The Revival Opposition
Election of 1828:
Election of take off the gloves
Jackson and supporters now called Democrats (Democratic-Republicans, Jacksonian Democrats)
Adams and supporters called National Republicans
Jackson destroys Adams, 178 – 83
Problems await Jackson…….

38. The Revival Opposition
Mudslinging
Adams contended (well his supporters):
Jackson's mom was a prostitute
Jackson's wife an adulteress and bigamist
handed out "coffin bills"
Jackson contended (and his supporters):
Adams was a "gambler"
made too much $
secured a prostitute for a Russian leader