1. Human Geography of South America
Unit II
Objectives:
Examine the demographics for the 13 countries of South America and rank them on their “quality of life.”
Discover the reason for both Portuguese and Spanish influences in South America. (Enter the Pope of Rome)
Compare the economies of Central America to South America. Who is doing better?
Essential Question:
Why was Rio de Janeiro, Brazil chosen for the 2016 Summer Olympics?

2. Political Map

3. United States of America
EXAMPLE
Population: 42,192,494 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: years
Fertility Rate: 2.29 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 98.1%
% of people who can read and write. Anything above 95% is great.
Number of infant deaths per 1,000 births. Anything below 5 is Great, 5-10 is Good, is Fair, higher than 25 is poor.
Average number of children a woman will have on average in her lifetime. Remember the replacement rate is 2.1.

4. Argentina Population: 42,192,494 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: years
Fertility Rate: 2.29 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 98.1%

5. Bolivia Population: 10,290,003 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: 67.9 years
Fertility Rate: 2.93 children born/woman 
Literacy Rate: 86.7%

6. Belize
Population: 324,528 (2010)
Infant Mortality Rate: deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: 68.5 years
Fertility Rate: 3.02 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 76.9%

7. Brazil
Population: 199,321,413 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: 20.5 deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: years
Fertility Rate: 1.82 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 88.6%

8. Chile
Population: 17,067,369  (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: 78.1 years
Fertility Rate: 1.87 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 95.7%

9. Colombia Population: 45,239,079 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: years
Fertility Rate: 2.12 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 90.4%

10. Ecuador Population: 15,223,680 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: 76 years
Fertility Rate: 2.38 children born/woman
Literacy Rate:  91%

11. French Guiana Why do they still use the French Flag?
Population: 236,250  (2011)
Infant Mortality Rate: deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: 76 years
Fertility Rate: 3.57 children born/woman
Literacy Rate:  83%
Why do they still use the French Flag?

12. Guyana
Population: 741,908  (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: years
Fertility Rate: 2.27 children born/woman
Literacy Rate:  91.8%

13. Paraguay Population: 6,541,591 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: 76.4 years
Fertility Rate: 2.06 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 94%

14. Peru
Population: 29,549,517 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: 21.5 deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: years
Fertility Rate: 2.29 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 93%

15. Suriname Population: 560,157 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: 28.94 deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: years
Fertility Rate: 2.08 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 89.6%

16. Uruguay Population: 3,316,328 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: 9.44 deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: years
Fertility Rate: 1.87 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 98%

17. Venezuela Population: 28,047,938 (2012)
Infant Mortality Rate: 20.18 deaths/1,000 live births
Life Expectancy: 74 years
Fertility Rate: 2.4 children born/woman
Literacy Rate: 93%

18. Population Pyramids

19. South American Languages

20. Western Hemisphere Freedom Index

21. World Corruption Index
What is corruption?

22. World Happiness Rating

23. Military Spending Map

24. Original Inhabitants
While there were many native peoples in South America when the Spanish arrive, only one of those tribes was a major civilization.
The Incan people had built a sophisticated empire in the Andes Mountains.
Spaniard Francisco Pizarro brought the Incan Empire down in 1532 when he assassinated the Incan leader, Atahualpa.

25. Spanish Conquest
The Spanish Conquistadors were very motivated explorers.
Gold, God, Glory
Unfortunately for the Spanish, knowledge is hard to keep secret.
Many other potential colonizers looked for stakes in the “New World.”
The Portuguese

26. Enter the Pope
With Catholic nations feuding over unclaimed “New World” lands, Pope Alexander VI attempts to solve the issue.
The Treaty of Tordesillas gave claim to 95% of the “New World” to Spain.

27. Treaty of Tordesillas

28. Spanish Empire

29. Portuguese Empire

30. A Continent Divided
With claims to the “New World” now justified, Portugal will begin colonizing modern day Brazil.
While Spain will continue colonizing lands stretching from the modern day United States to Chile and Argentina.
While their languages might be different, both colonizing nations had similar goals.
Gold, God, Glory

31. South American Languages
The Quechua language of the Inca was overshadowed by Spanish as the settlers culture became the dominate influence in the region.
One lasting legacy of the Inca is that many people still speak Quechua.

32. Independence Movements
José de San Martin led revolutions in
Argentina
Chile
Simón Bolivar (also known as Libertador)
Venezuela
Colombia (including Panama)
Ecuador
The two men joined forces in Peru to drive out the Spanish, by the end of 1824, nearly all of South America had successfully revolted and won independence.

33. Brazilian Independence
Brazil was declared an independent country by the Spanish Monarch in 1822.
Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim

34. New Nations Form New Problems Start
While all the “independent nations” of South America have elected governments, it was a long and difficult journey to freedom.
Many countries struggled with long periods of brutal dictatorships and harsh oligarchic rulers.
Even in the 21st Century many citizens are fighting for more rights and more freedoms.

35. Economies of the Region
One of the advantages in the region is that it produces a wide variety of products.
This is because of its unique combination of resources, landforms, climate, and vegetation.
Colombia and Venezuela both have huge oil reserves that are probably their greatest economic asset.
Citgo attributes a large percentage of its wealth to oil sales from the United States.

36. Economies of the Region
Argentina produces great quantities of grain and livestock on its vast pampas.
While many countries in South America have vast arable lands, subsistence farming is still the primary source of living/income for many.
Many countries still rely on primary resources for their economic strength.

37. Socialism Reigns Venezuela
In 1998 Venezuelans elected the populist left-winger Hugo Chavez, a former army officer who vowed radical reforms to the economy.
Political unrest and deep divisions have characterized the president's term in office. His supporters - known as "chavistas" - and his detractors have both staged street protests.
Supporters say his economic reforms - including the nationalization of much of the economy, especially the oil sector - and his expansion of social programs has helped the poor benefit from the country's oil export revenues.
Critics say his actions have damaged economic performance and encouraged inflation, running at 25% by the end of In January 2010, the government devalued the bolivar in an attempt to boost oil revenues and simulate domestic production.

38. G-20 Economies, the largest 20 economies in the world.
Argentina
Argentina is famous for its agricultural production. With over 54 million head of cattle, Argentina’s beef is renowned around the world. 
Argentina's exports, which reached 30 billion $US in 2003, are composed of 24% primary agricultural commodities, 13% fuels and minerals, 36% processed agricultural products, and 27% industrial products.
G-20 Economies, the largest 20 economies in the world.

39. Chile’s Successes
Chile is South America’s greatest economic success story.
It has been able to participate in the global economy by trading the products of its mines and fields with nations as far away as Japan.
The export of fruit and vegetables to North American markets is an important part of Chile’s economy because its harvest comes during the Northern Hemisphere’s winter.
Port of San Antonio
Chilean copper mine

40. Brazil An Industrial Power
Natural resources have helped make Brazil an industrial power.
It has deposits of iron and bauxite, as well as other minerals used in manufacturing.
It also has supplies of gold, silver, titanium, and quartz.
More than a thousand rivers, including the Amazon, flow through Brazil. Power plants located along these rivers produce electricity.
Brazil’s large reserves of oil and natural gas contribute to its economic power.
Over ½ of Brazil’s cars use ethanol, a fuel that comes from sugar cane and is less expensive than imported oil.

41. An Industrial Power Brazil’s Ethanol Resources

42. Language and Religion
The Portuguese and Spanish brought their languages and their Catholic religion with them to Latin America.
Today, Brazil has the largest Catholic population in the world.
Latin America is home to some 41% of all Catholics, roughly 425 million people.
In addition, Protestants make up almost 20% of the Brazilian population.
The Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida is the second largest in the world, after only of the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City.

43. Literacy Rates of South America
The countries of Spanish speaking South America have higher literacy rates than the countries of Central America the Caribbean, Mexico, or Brazil.
In Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, for example, literacy rates are higher than 90%. The literacy rates for women are about the same as for men in those three countries.
Chile’s literacy rate for the total adult population is around 95%.
For young people between the ages of 15 and 19, it is even higher—close to 98%.

44. The People of Brazil
When the first Europeans arrived in 1500, millions of native people lived in what is now Brazil.
But today, only about 200,000 live in the depths of the Amazon rain forest.
Thousands of the native peoples died from diseases brought by the European colonists.
Brazil has become home to many immigrants from other nations.
Large numbers of people from Portugal, Germany, Italy, Spain, Lebanon, and Syria have settled there..
Brazil also has the largest Japanese population outside Japan.
Ukrainian Church in Brazil
European Immigrants working on a coffee plantation

45. Brazil A Cultural Explosion
Brazil is a country of great variety in its city life, music, and holidays.
The most colorful feast day in Brazil is Carnival. In Rio de Janeiro, people in costumes ride on floats through the streets. Carnival takes place to the music of the samba, a Brazilian dance with African influences.
Capoeira is a martial art and dance that developed in Brazil from African origins. Angolans who were taken to Brazil by the Portuguese brought this martial art and dance with them.