1. Umayyad Decline and Abbasid Rise/Decline and the Spread of Islam
What factors brought rise and fall of the Abbasid dynasty?
How did the spread of Islam impact India and SE Asia?

2. Arab Conquest Muslim military conquests mount beyond the peninsula
The courage, military prowess, and religious zeal of the warriors of Islam and the weaknesses of the empires that border Arabia, resulted in stunning conquests in Mesopotamia, north Africa, and Persia
Empire built from this conquest is Arab rather than Islamic because most was ruled by small Arab warrior elite controlled by the Umayyad

3. Growing Tensions lead to Violence
Spark of violence: Murder of the 3rd caliph, Uthman, by warriors returning from Egypt
His death was the signal for the supporters of Ali, to proclaim him as caliph
Uthman had not been popular among many tribes, especially the early followers, because he was the first caliph chosen from the Umayyad clan.

4. Ali
Famous warrior now
Gains upper hand after victory at Battle of Camel in 656
Just as Ali is about to defeat Umayyad forces at Battle of Siffin in 657, he accepts a plea for mediation with Umayyad.
This is HEAVILY criticized, and many of his followers turn their back on Ali

5. Mu’awiya 660- proclaimed leader (caliph) in Jerusalem
Directly challenges Ali’s position
661- Ali assassinated
From this point on Sunnis- back the Umayyad and Shi’a- supporters of Ali/anti-Umayyad
Mecca remains Holy City, but political center of Umayyads is moved to Damascus in Syria

6. Family and Gender Roles in the Umayyad Age
Islam greatly strengthened position of women
Seclusion and subordination of women common among other societies within the Middle East at this time
Qur’an forbids multiple marriages if the husband cannot take care of multiple wives or treat them all equally
Women could not have more than one husband

7. Umayyad Decline and Fall
Umayyad caliph’s growing addiction to luxury and wealth
Abandon simple life promoted by Muhammad and his earliest Caliphs, and now have pleasure gardens and marble palaces

8. Rise of the Abbasid
50,000 warrior settlers are angered by lack of booty from previous expansions and defense of frontiers (angry with Umayyad)
March under the banner of Abbasid party- trace their descent from Muhammad’s uncle al-Abbas
Abu-al-Abbas, great grandson of al Abbas leads forces

9. Umayyad Fall
Abbasid forces gain strength due to the help of the Shi’a, mawali (non Arab converts to Islam)
Wanting to eliminate Umayyad family altogether, Abu al-Abbas invited many Umayyad leaders to a “reconciliation banquet” where he had them killed

10. Abbasid Empire
Under Abbasids, Islam becomes a universal religion that spreads across much of North Africa and Euro-Asia.
Abbasid Capital was Baghdad
Great time of urban expansion that was linked to a revival of the Afro-Eurasian trade work that had declined with the fall of the Han dynasty and the slow collapse of the Roman Empire
Abbasid domain in West and Tang and Song in East revive commercial system

11. Technology
Arab dhows, sailing vessels with lateen or triangular sails, carry goods and people (religious people) from place to place
These ultimately influence European ship design

12. Social/Intellectual Slaves were a major part of this society
They could work up enough money or power to buy back freedom or be released
Great mosques are built during this time
Focus on math and science
Never before had a civilization spanned so many different cultures and combined such a patchwork of linguistic groups, religions, and ethnic types

13. The Late Abbasid Era
The Empire fully disintegrated between the 9th and 13th centuries
The early warning signs of decline began during the rule of Caliph al-Mahdi ( , only the THIRD caliph)…he failed to reconcile with the Shiites, who continued to assassinate Abbasid rulers
One the biggest factors in Abbasid decline was their extravagant behavior
The Abbasids liked to throw money around, built lavish unnecessary palaces, all the while taxing the lower classes immensely
Another problem was solving the issue of succession
Caliphs had many sons, many sons wanted to be in power, sometimes they killed each other…those who had just daughters had to hope they married sensible men

14. The Late Abbasid Era
Continued violence amongst the upper classes in the Abbasid dynasty put a significant strain on the treasury
The peasant farmers, who were being burdening by high taxes, literally stopped farming…the agrarian system fell into disrepair as peasants fled into the desert to hide form tax collectors
Peasants often formed dissident groups, many Shiites formed political factions bent on overthrowing the Sunni Abbasids (Persians)

15. The Declining Position of Women
Women, who under early Arab rulers had greater freedom, saw their rights decline immensely
The harem and the veil became the standard place and outfit for a woman (Assyrian/Persian practices)…veiling became paramount because women were regarded as a source of lust and distraction for men
Wealthier women were generally subjects to these restrictions, kept at home as domestics and forced into child bearing…in the Abbasid elite, women were largely responsible for power brokering their sons’ careers
Most poorer women still had some rights, becoming more economically active

16. Forces that Kill the Abbasids
Nomadic Invasions
By the mid-10th century, breakaway edge provinces challenged Abbasid rule (Buyids in Persia)…caliphs eventually became their puppet rulers
In 1055, the Seljuk Turks from central Asia took the remaining portions of the Abbasid Empire, capturing Baghdad
They were staunch Sunnis who persecuted the Shi’a and relocated the center of their empire (Ottoman) to Turkey (Istanbul, once Constantinople)
The Mongols finish off Baghdad in the 1250s, never to recover again

17. Forces that Kill the Abbasids
The Crusades
The now organized kingdoms of Christian Europe began invading the Holy Lands in 1099, establishing kingdoms that rivaled remaining Abbasid Muslims (caliphates) and the Seljuks
This rivalry lasted until 1291 when the Seljuks finally recaptured all territory
None-the-less, the Crusades gave Europe a period of access to ancient Greek, Roman, Mesopotamian, Persian and other Muslim ideals and innovations

18. The “Invasion” of India
MEANWHILE…
Like the Aryans, Muslims find their way into the subcontinent (NW and by sea) in the 7th century CE
Immediate differences/clashes –Islam vs. Hinduism
Hindus have their structured social hierarchy, MAJOR differences between people, polytheistic beliefs and tolerance for other peoples beliefs
Muslims have their unified social system (only divisions in sex), monotheistic belief and highly doctrinaire (text based) system of beliefs that is generally tolerant AS LONG AS YOU BELIEVE IN ONE GOD
HOWEVER, the first series of interactions between Muslims and Hindus was actually quite peaceful

19. The First Wave
711 CE – peaceful trading contacts over land and sea with Indian rajahs
Remember, India is now a fragmented series of kingdoms (no unified empire)
ATTACK
Pirates from Sind began attacking Muslim traders and the Umayyads retaliated (Muhammad ibn Qasim claimed Indus Valley for the Umayyads)
Resistance is futile
Most Indian kingdoms did not resist Muslim “invasions”
Many local leaders were attracted by the principles of Islam (tolerance, light taxes, equality)
They became protected by the Umayyads, and enjoyed religious freedom yet taxation for their freedom
NO CONVERSION was forced on Hindus or Buddhist living in protected areas

20. Indian Influences on Islam
Cultural and Intellectual Interactions
Mathematics flourished
They are called Arabic numbers by they really came from India
Algebra and other geometric principles (360 degree circle) came from India to the West
Navigational tools/astronomical charts
Medicine
Indian doctors came to heal wounded Arab soldiers in the Umayyad and Abbasid courts that Greek doctors pronounced were beyond help

21. The Second Wave: From “Booty to Empire”
For a long period, Muslims added very little territory in India, meaning they did not directly control it
Even Sind began to slip out of the hands of Muslim rulers
The decline of the Abbasids gave rise to the Turks
The 3rd Turkish ruler, Mahmud of Ghazni, led expeditions into India, drawn by stories of magnificent wealth…he defeated on rajah after another
These raids continued well into the 1200s
A Sultanate was established in Delhi
Completely self-sufficient from other Muslim Empires
Ruled the subcontinent continuously for 300 years
Fought off constant invasions from Mongols and other Turks as well as other Indian rajahs

22. Conversions and Accommodations
Again, few Indians were converted forcibly into Muslims
Most conversions were won by faith alone, spread by merchants and by Sufi mystics
Sufis shared an aura of magic and healing powers
They established schools, arranged protection for their villages and even welcomed low caste and outcaste individuals
Most converts came from areas in Western India or in Bengal
Buddhists, low caste and untouchables made up the largest numbers of Hindus who converted
Another force for conversion was to avoid the tax Muslims placed on non-Muslims

23. Conversions and Accommodations
High caste Hindus felt threatened by the Muslim faith
Many still took power roles under Muslim rule, despite separate living habits, unfriendly relations and restricted sexual interactions
Hindus were convinced that eventually their Muslim invaders would become absorbed
Hindus were in great number in Muslim bureaucracies, made up most of the army, Muslim rulers even adopted local ruling styles and practices (divinity, Hindu imagery)
Most importantly, Muslims begin to divide into castes
Negative consequences (mostly for women)
Marrying young girls and many girls (polygamy)
High caste widows and sati

24. Islamic Challenge/Hindu Revival
As a consequence to Islamic intrusion on their faith, many Hindus resorted to practicing cult worship of specific gods and goddesses (Think Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom)
Bhaktic cults were open to all Hindus, even the low castes and even had saints who were low caste members
The most widely worshiped gods and goddesses were Shiva, Vishnu and Kali
These ritualistic cults helped rebuff further conversion of lower caste Hindus to Islam

25. The Stand Off Tensions soon mounted into conflicts
Hindu Brahmans began denouncing “Muslims as infidel destroyers of Hindu temples and polluted meats eaters”
Began to convince converts to revert back to the Hindu faith
Muslim religious leaders began to see the fusion of both faiths as impossible (Sikhs)
The main focus became keeping the converts they already had within the faith
Conversions came to a halt and Muslims remained to be dominate in Indus Valley regions and the Ganges delta (important!)

26. Islam in SE Asia
IMPORTANT – Indonesia is the world’s largest Islamic nation (population wise)…how?
Muslim traders continued sailing the seas and reached the islands of SE Asia by the 8th century
Trade goods, which would later fuel the explorations of European powers, such as spices and woods, became crucial to the Muslim trading empire
Muslim came to dominate trading ports on Sumatra after the collapse of the Shrivijaya Empire
This made conversion efforts easy and many peoples converted to the Muslim faith as trade ports became the diffusing centers of the faith

27. Islam in SE Asia
Islam spread to many other Indonesia islands…but met resistance on Java and Bali and in mainland SE Asia, where Hindu-Buddhist dynasties rejected its spread
The Sufis again get credit for most of the spread for similar reasons (previously discussed)