1. Introduction to ADO.NET

2. The objectives of this lecture are:
Learn what ADO.NET is.
Understand what a data provider is.
Understand what a connection object is.
Understand what a command object is.
Understand what a DataReader object is.
Understand what a DataSet object is.
Understand what a DataAdapter object is.
Create simple programs which use the above objects.

3. ADO
Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) is a set of Component Object Model (COM) objects for accessing data sources.
It provides a middleware layer between programming languages and OLE DB (a means of accessing data stores, whether they be databases or otherwise, in a uniform manner).
ADO allows a developer to write programs that access data without knowing how the database is implemented.
He must be aware of the database for connection only.
No knowledge of SQL is required to access a database when using ADO, although one can use ADO to directly execute SQL commands.

4. ADO.NET
ADO.NET is a set of computer software components that programmers can use to access data and data services.
It is a part of the base class library that is included with the Microsoft .NET Framework.
It is commonly used by programmers to access and modify data stored in relational database systems, though it can also access data in non-relational sources.
Commonly, the data source is a data base, but it could also be a text file, an Excel spread sheet, or an XML file. 
ADO.NET is sometimes considered an evolution of ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) technology, but was changed so extensively that it can be considered an entirely new product.

5. A way to interact with a data base.
There are many different types of data bases available. 
For example, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle, Borland Interbase, IBM DB2, etc. 
Data Source can be defined as a piece of software that represents information stored in physical media such as Database.
Data Binding associates underlying data to the User Interface (UI) elements. The data holds the information and UI elements render the information in a user perceivable form.
Data binding can be read only - information from the Data Source flows only to the UI elements.
Alternatively, Data Binding can be read and write.

6. Data Provider is a simplified Data Access architecture for Data Binding, offered with better maintainability in mind. Data provider is an abstraction over Data Source to provide a flexible and uniform data binding mechanism.
You can use ADO.NET to access data sources using the new .NET Framework data providers. These data providers include:
.NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server.
.NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB.
.NET Framework Data Provider for ODBC.
.NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle.
UI elements access the data from these Data Sources through specific Data Provider API with out the need to understand the Data Source specific data access format.

7. ADO.NET data access options
Command object
Data Access layer
ODP.Net
Select * from Actors Sql Connection
.Net Managed Provider Net Data provider ODBC OLE DB
Ms Access
MySql
MS Sql Server
Oracle

8. Data Providers
ADO.NET allows us to interact with different types of data sources and different types of data bases.  However, there isn't a single set of classes that allow you to accomplish this universally.  Since different data sources expose different protocols, we need a way to communicate with the right data source using the right protocol. 
Some older data sources use the ODBC protocol, many newer data sources use the OleDb protocol, and there are more data sources every day that allow you to communicate with them directly through .NET ADO.NET class libraries. 

9. ADO.NET provides a relatively common way to interact with data sources, but comes in different sets of libraries for each way you can talk to a data source. 
These libraries are called Data Providers and are usually named for the protocol or data source type they allow you to interact with. 

10. Provider Name
API Prefix
Data Source Description
ODBC Data Provider
Odbc
Data Sources with an ODBC interface.  Normally older data bases.
OleDb Data Provider
OleDb
Data Sources that expose an OleDb interface, i.e. Access or Excel.
Oracle Data Provider
Oracle
For Oracle Data Bases.

11. SQL Data Provider
Sql
For interacting with Microsoft SQL Server.
Borland Data Provider
Bdp
Generic access to many data bases such as Interbase, SQL Server, IBM DB2, and Oracle.

12. ADO.NET Architecture
1. the first layer directly talks to the data base and handles connection as well as request forwarding. These components are collectively called the DataProvider

13. SqlConnection connects to the Server (address, user name, password etc)
SqlCommand is used to send requests (SELECT, CREATE, INSERT etc)
SqlDataReader is used to fetch the result of SELECT requests. The rows received from the Server can be handled by our code (for computation or display purposes)

14. 2. an intermediate component transfers the data between the DataProvider and the components which store the data in memory: it is the DataAdapter.

15. It contains:
four SqlCommand components, one for each possible SQL request: SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE  
a TableMappings component, allowing to replace the syntactic table names (Table1, Table2, ...) with semantic names (Invoice, Orders, ...)
the Table rows can be stored and handled in memory. Those rows are provided:
by the DataAdapter
by reading a disc file (XML for example)
by C# code

16. 3. The memory storage components are called DataSet, and include:
a collection of DataTables
constraints (NOT NULL etc)
relations (foreign keys, cascading rules etc)
views, used for filtering rows, projecting columns, sorting, aggregate computation, searching etc

17. 4. finally, to display the rows and let the user modify them, we have
controls, such as TextBox, ListBox or DataGrid
DataBindings components which synchronize the modifications between the visual controls and in memory data

18. visual controls can also display data coming from other sources than some DataSet, for example an ARRAY or a tList:

19. the DataAdapter plays the role of a middle man:
it loads the data form the Server into the DataSet. This is performed by calling:    
 DataAdapter.Fill(DataSet)

20. Data adapter saves the modifications coming from the visual controls
Data adapter saves the modifications coming from the visual controls. This is done when we call:     
DataAdapter.Update()

22. ADO.NET Objects The Connection Object
To interact with a data base, you must have a connection to it.  The connection helps identify the data base server, the data base name, user name, password, and other parameters that are required for connecting to the data base.  A connection object is used by command objects so they will know which data base to execute the command on.

23. The Command Object
The process of interacting with a data base means that you must specify the actions you want to occur.  This is done with a command object. 
You use a command object to send SQL statements to the data base.
  A command object uses a connection object to figure out which data base to communicate with. 
You can use a command object alone, to execute a command directly, or assign a reference to a command object to an SqlDataAdapter, which holds a set of commands that work on a group of data

24. The DataReader Object
Many data operations require that you only get a stream of data for reading.  The data reader object allows you to obtain the results of a SELECT statement from a command object. 
For performance reasons, the data returned from a data reader is a fast forward-only stream of data.  This means that you can only pull the data from the stream in a sequential manner.  This is good for speed, but if you need to manipulate data, then a DataSet is a better object to work with.

25. The DataSet Object
DataSet objects are in-memory representations of data.  They contain multiple DataTable objects, which contain columns and rows, just like normal data base tables.  You can even define relations between tables to create parent-child relationships. 
The DataSet is specifically designed to help manage data in memory and to support disconnected operations on data, when such a scenario make sense.
The DataSet is an object that is used by all of the Data Providers, which is why it does not have a Data Provider specific prefix.

26. The DataAdapter Object
Sometimes the data you work with is primarily read-only and you rarely need to make changes to the underlying data source. 
Some situations also call for caching data in memory to minimize the number of data base calls for data that does not change. 
The data adapter makes it easy for you to accomplish these things by helping to manage data in a disconnected mode. 
The data adapter fills a DataSet object when reading the data and writes in a single batch when persisting changes back to the data base. 

27. A data adapter contains a reference to the connection object and opens and closes the connection automatically when reading from or writing to the data base. 
Additionally, the data adapter contains command object references for SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations on the data
.  You will have a data adapter defined for each table in a DataSet and it will take care of all communication with the data base for you. 
All you need to do is tell the data adapter when to load from or write to the data base.

28. The application can connect to a database using either a DataSet and a DataAdapter or using a DataReader.

29. Create table connect to the Database using a SqlConnection component
use an SqlCommand component, connect it to the SqlConnection, fill in the CommandText property with our request and call the SqlConnection. ExecuteNonQuery() method
For coding purposes, SQL requests are divided in two groups: the requests which modify in some way the data on the SQL Server: CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ADD INDEX, INSERT rows, ALTER TABLE parameters and so on. We simply send the text of the request to the Server, and do not expect any data in return (or possibly a success / error notification code) . Use .ExecuteNonQuery()
the request to retrieve some data (usually full rows, but also aggregates like COUNT, AVERAGE, SUM etc). For those requests, the Client must first allocate a reception buffer. Use ExecuteReader().

30. con = new OleDbConnection("Provider=MSDAORA;Data Source=amrita;Password=amma;User ID=mata");
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "Select * from employee";
cmd.Connection = con;
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
OleDbDataAdapter ada = new OleDbDataAdapter(cmd);
ada.Fill(dt);
dataGridView1.DataSource = dt;

31. private void UpdateButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e){
cmd.CommandText = "update student set ST_ID=100 where ST_ID =1";
con.Open();
try
int c = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("Successfule update"); }
catch(Exception ex)
MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString());
con.Close();