1. 4:16 The Americas
“We are crushed to the ground; we lie in ruins. There is nothing but grief and suffering in Mexico and tlateloco, where we once saw beauty and valor.” –”flowers and songs of sorrow,” Aztec poem

2. Maritime Empires
Maritime Empires: Spain, Portugal, England, France, Holland
“New” colonies in the “New World”

3. Maritime Empires
Columbian Exchange—widespread sharing of plants, animals, cultures, ideas, technologies, and diseases between Afro-Eurasian cultures and native Americans
Eastern Hemisphere  Western Hemisphere
Effects on Natives: new social structure, cattle, horses, smallpox, measles, flu
Effects on Europeans: gold, silver, power, yellow fever

5. European Motivations to Explore
New routes to Asia to avoid Muslims
Personal wealth and glory
conquistadores—European explorers, conquered natives, founded colonies

6. European Motivations to Explore
Inventions made ocean travel easier
astrolabe—determined distance from equator
caravels—Portuguese ships designed to outlast storms
galleons—heavily armed Spanish trading ships
Duty to convert natives to Catholicism

7. Spain in the Americas
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)—Spain and Portugal divide the Americas
New Spain—Spanish colonies in the Americas
Hernan Cortez (1521) conquers the Aztec
Francisco Pizarro (1532) conquers the Inca
Pedro Mendez de Aviles (1565) est. fort at St. Augustine, FL

8. Economic Changes
coercive labor—natives forced to work for conquerors to receive food and shelter
encomienda system—Spanish plantations
silver becomes the dominant world currency
sugar becomes the dominant cash crop
colonies—lands claimed by explorers as property of their home country
viceroys—colonial governors

9. Economic Changes
Trans-Atlantic slave trade ( )—slaves taken from Africa to the New World colonies for labor
Slaves harvest raw goods in the New World (cotton, sugar, tobacco, etc.)
Raw goods leave the New World to Europe to be manufactured (guns, clothing, etc.)
European manufactured goods sold to Africans in exchange for new slaves
Middle Passage—slave ship route between Africa and the Americas

13. Social Changes in Latin America
Social class system in Latin American (Central and South America)
peninsulares—born in Spain or Portugal
creoles—Europeans born on colonial soil
castas—mixed race
mestizos—European and native
mulattoes—European and African
zambos—African and native
slaves—African captives and their descendants

14. France in North America
In search of a Northwest Passage— route through N. America to Asia
explorers: Cartier, Champlain, LaSalle
interested in trading furs and Christianizing natives, not slave plantations

15. England in North America
Also in search of the NW Passage
Jamestown, Virginia (1607)— founded for tobacco harvesting
Northern colonies: indentured servitude—labor to pay off a debt (not permanent)
Southern colonies: slavery (tobacco, cotton)

16. Shade in Spanish and Portuguese colonies Label:
Green text p. 360
Trace the Inca Empire
Trace the Aztec Empire
Shade in Spanish and Portuguese colonies
Label:
Treaty of Tordesillas line
all cities
Routes of all explorers