1. Ethical and Legal Issues
Chapter 2

2. Safeguarding Intellectual Property
A legal concept that protects a creative work just as if it were physical property
Musicians
Music companies
Authors
Personal work
Photographs
Safeguarding Intellectual Property

3. Legal means of establishing ownership of intellectual property
Owner has legal right to restrict who may copy work
Does not prevent using work
Requires permission from copyright owner
Copyright

4. Copyright Idea converted into physical form
Briefest of presence
Includes digital media presence
Recording serves as physical presence
Eligible once it is shared in physical form
Copyright notice
Copyrightdate Name of Copyright Holder
Not a requirement to be legally protected
Copyright

5. Copyright, cont. Notice serves three purposes
Reminds users that work is protected
Establishes date when protection begins
Makes it easier to see permission to use work
Registration not required to be protected
Registration of copyright
Form required
Fee to U.S. Copyright Office ($35 and up)
Copyright, cont.

6. 1976 Copyright Act Exclusive right to do/authorize other to do:
Reproduce work in copies or phonorecords
a physical object in which sounds (except for the sounds that go with a movie or audiovisual work) are fixed, such as a compact disc
Prepare derivative works based on original
Distribute copies/phonorecords of work by sale, transfer of ownership, rental, lease, lending
Perform work publicly
Display work publicly
Perform work by means of digital audio transmission
1976 Copyright Act

7. 1976 Copyright Act Created on or after January 1, 1978
Life of author + 50 years
Created before January 1, 1978
Brought under statute
Life = 50 years
Ask for permission to use copyrighted work
1976 Copyright Act

8. Royalties Permission can be granted for free
Permission can be granted for royalty
Fee paid to the person who owns copyright on a creative work when it is used by someone else
Web sites may advertise royalty free
Images/music
Licensing agreement that gives the buyer almost unlimited permission to use a copyrighted image for a one-time fee
Royalties

9. Software Licenses Proprietary Owned by the company that created
Term used for software code that has restricted rights of use
Owned by the company that created
Software is licensed to you—you don’t own it
Accept licensing limitations upon installation
End-user license agreement(EULA)
Contract software purchasers must agree to before using software
Software Licenses

10. Software Licenses, cont.
Open source
Software that allows others to use its code without cost
Copyright protections—copyleft
A licensing protection used by those who create open source software
Allows users to use, study, copy, share, and modify
GNU General Public License
The standard open-source contract or license
Software Licenses, cont.

11. Software Licenses, cont.
File formats are proprietary—Microsoft file formats
Public domain
Creative work whose copyright restrictions have expired
Open source software
Software Licenses, cont.

12. Trademarks Trademark Do not need to be registered
Word, phrase, or image used to identify something as a product of a particular business
Do not need to be registered
Offers protection from use by others without permission
®--registered trademark
TM—unregistered trademark
United States Patent and Trademark Office
Trademarks

13. Illegal File Sharing File sharing Copyright violation
Use of a network to move files between computers, often for illegal purposes
Copyright violation
Federal courts, U.S Supreme Court
Uploading or downloading copyrighted material without permission is violation of law
Punishable by large fines and possible imprisonment
Illegal File Sharing

14. Copying a product (often digital) for profit without authorization from the owner.
Music and video frequent items that are pirated
Billions of dollars are lost by companies
Piracy

15. Digital Rights Management
Technology that prevents unauthorized copying of a digital work
Use in CDs and other media
Prevents even backup copies
Digital Rights Management

16. Fair Use Guidelines Use of copyrighted material Fair use
The right to reproduce a small part of a copyrighted work for educational or other not-for-profit purposes without having to obtain permission or pay a royalty fee
Limited to educational copying
Very limited in commercial/business world
Fair Use Guidelines

17. Copying or otherwise using someone else’s creative work and claiming it as your own, usually in an academic or journalistic work, but also more recently in social media
Different from copyright infringement
Concern of academic world
Document sources to avoid plagiarism
Violation of many honor codes for educational institutions
Turnitin.com
Plagiarism

18. Web Site Citations Five components Author (or Web administrator) Date
Title of article (or heading of page)
Access date
URL
Deep linking—citing a Web address that goes beyond the home or entry page
Web Site Citations

19. Citation Styles Two organizations APA MLA
American Psychological Association
MLA
Modern Language Association
Similar information needed for both
Differences are in capitalization, order, punctuation
Citation Styles

20. Online Bibliographies
Help to create bibliography entries
EasyBib
BibMe
Online Bibliographies

21. Ethics Moral choices between right and wrong actions Technology issues
Is it ethical to use your cell phone for personal calls while at work?
No policy against
Ethically correct?
Ethics

22. Ethics/Photo Editing It is ethical to: Make a model look thinner
Change the color of the sky
Add people to group photo
Remove people from photo
Distort images created by others
Ethics/Photo Editing

23. Ethical Decision Making
Consider how your actions affect others
Does it hurt someone?
Is it like stealing?
Does it affect someone livelihood?
Does it encourage others to do the same?
Ethical Decision Making