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OSI Model IP address
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MAC to IP Address Comparison
MAC address Identifies a NIC in a computer on a network Each MAC address is unique TCP/IP networks can use MAC addresses in communication Network devices cannot efficiently way traffic using MAC addresses because they: Are not grouped logically Cannot be changed Do not give information about physical or logical network configuration CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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MAC to IP Address Comparison (continued)
IP addressing Developed for use on large networks IP addresses have a hierarchical structure and do provide logical groupings IP address identifies both a network and a host CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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OSI Model Versions of IP address IPv4 IPv6
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OSI Model IPv4
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Types of IP address Static address Dynamic address
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Types of IP address Static IP address
manually input by network administrator manageable for small networks requires careful checks to avoid duplication
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Types of IP address Dynamic IP address Used protocol DHCP
assigned by server when host boots derived automatically from a range of addresses duration of ‘lease’ negotiated, then address released back to server
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IP Addressing An IP address has 32 bits divided into four octets
To make the address easier to read, people use decimal numbers to represent the binary digits Example: Dotted decimal notation When binary IP addresses are written in decimal format CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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Conversion CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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Binary and Decimal Conversion
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Example 5.1 Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary notation to dotted-decimal notation. a b c d Solution We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal number (see Appendix B) and add dots for separation: a b c d TCP/IP Protocol Suite
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Example 5.2 Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal notation to binary notation. a b c d Solution We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent: a b c d TCP/IP Protocol Suite
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Example 5.3 Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses:
b c d Solution a. There should be no leading zeroes (045). b. We may not have more than 4 bytes in an IPv4 address. c. Each byte should be less than or equal to 255. d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
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IP Address as a 32-Bit Binary Number
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Classes of IP address Class A - large organizations , governments
Class B - medium sized organizations Class C - small organizations Class D- Multicasting is the sending of a stream of data (usually audio and video) to multiple computers simultaneously Class E Addresses are reserved for research, testing, and experimentation The Class E range starts where Class D leaves off
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Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
Identify the historic method for assigning addresses and the issues associated with the method
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IP Address Classes
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IP Address Classes
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IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers
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IP Classes (continued)
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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IP Classes (continued)
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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IP Classes (continued)
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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Network Addressing IP addresses identify both the network and the host
Subnet mask Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field Standard (default) subnet masks: Class A subnet mask is Class B subnet mask is Class C subnet mask is CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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Default Subnet Masks
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Subnetting TCP/IP hosts use the combination of the IP address and the subnet mask To determine if other addresses are local or remote The binary AND operation is used to perform the calculation Subnetting Manipulation of the subnet mask to get more network numbers CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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Subnet Mask Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask:
1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form. 2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1s. 3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s. 4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted- decimal notation.
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Subnet Mask Subnet mask in decimal =
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Performing the AND Function
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IPv4 versus IPv6 IP version 6 (IPv6) has been defined and developed.
IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently used in IPv4. IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128 bits. IPv4
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IPv4 versus IPv6 IP version 4 (IPv4) IP version 6 (IPv6)
The version of IP currently installed on most systems today IP version 6 (IPv6) Originally designed to address the final running down of IPv4 addresses IPv6 can be subnetted CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
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