1. hydro-acoustic signal and tsunami wave generated by sea floor motion
Chierici, F., L. Pignagnoli, and D. Embriaco, (2009), Modelling of the hydro-acoustic signal and tsunami wave generated by sea floor motion including a porous seabed, J. Geophys.Res., doi: /2009JC005522, in press.

2. NEAREST (coordinator: dr. Zitellini, ISMAR – CNR)
Integrated observation from NEAR shore sourcES of Tsunamis: toward an early warning system EC Project (FP6, )
ISMAR-CNR, Italy
University of Lisbon, Portugal
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Spain
Alfred Wegener Institut, Germany
University of West Bretagne, France
INGV, Italy
Technische Fachhochschule-Berlin, Germany
Istituto Andaluz de Geofisica, Spain
Istituto de Meteorologia, Portugal
Centre National pour la Recherche Scientif. et Techn., Morocco
XISTOS Development S.A., France

3. Main objectives GEOSTAR
AREA of interest: Gulf of Cadiz (Atlantic Ocean), source of 1755 Tsunami which destroyed Lisbon and the coasts of South Portugal, Spain and Morocco.
Near field and near shore tsunami generation problem: the abyssal observatory GEOSTAR is located in an active seismic zone.
Tsunami warning system: real time pressure data analysis is performed on the seafloor and a two way communication link with the on-shore network was setup.
Quick response time: only few minutes for a generated tsunami to reach the nearest coast.
Portugal
Spain
GEOSTAR

4. Outline
1) A innovative Tsunameter have been developed in the Framework of NEAREST project (it will be installed on board SN1 abyssal station. A new software for the remote control of the tsunameter and of SN1 abyssal station has been designed and implemented).
2) A new model and relative results of tsunami generation in compressible water column overlying a porous sea bed (extended)

5. A new tsunami detector prototype, able to operate in generation areas , has been developed and operated successfully for 1 year at 3200 m depth

6. Tsunameter scheme (installed onboard Geostar)
Triaxial broad band seismometer
(IMU) Accelerometer+Gyros
Triaxial accelerometer
Pressure sensor
CPU: signal real time processing, event mode declaration, messages transmission,new detection algorim
Storage unit
Acoustic modem
Buoy
Acoustic modem
Electronics and data storage and messages management
Satellite dual link
Meteo station
GPS
Argos
Tilt meter
Land stations
External world
On land seismic network

7. Tsunami Detection Procedure
Trigger on Pressure and Seismic events
Seismometer: trigger on strong seismic event (STA/LTA)
Pressure: for the detection of sea level anomalies (Tsunamis wave); TDA declares the event on processed sea level data testing them against a prescribed threshold

8. A new real-time tsunami detection algorithm , based on localization concept (de-tide and filtering) has been developed and operated successfully from september 2007 to august 2008 in the Gulf of Cadiz

9. Correction for pressure sensor motion
Accelerometer
Pressure Sensor
Noisy data : d165_2001-ed.dat
~2m.
Correction for pressure sensor motion
3.A Band Pass like Filtering
1.(A & B) Tides Removal
Algorithm A
(A & B)
TSUNAMI DETECTED !
~10cm.
2.(A & B) Spikes Removing (zoom)
3.B Low Pass like Filtering
~2cm.
4.B difference between Newton Linear
Predicted and Filtered Signal
~4cm.
Algorithm B

10. New real-time Tsunami Detection Algorithm (site adaptivity, high reliability and accuracy, low computational cost)
Pressure data acquired every 15 s. (Paroscientific 8CB4000)
Real time Algorithm
Tide removal
Spike removal
Low pass + Prediction algorithm (Newton linear predictor)
or Band Pass like filter
All parameters can be reconfigured
Tsunami
200 cm
100 hours
2 cm
2 hours
Pressure Raw data
Processed data

12. EXAMPLE OF GEOSTAR DATA FILE

13. Example of pressure signal recorded during Aug 2007 – Aug 2008 NEAREST mission (1cm H2O ~ 1mBar)
2 days
40 cm
3 m
2 cm
2 h
1 month

14. A new tsunami generation model has been developed that use the water compressibility coupled with porous sediment

15. MODEL FOR TUSNAMI GENERATION
1) 2-D model of tsunami generation in compressible water column overlying a porous sea bed
2) Results, in particular concerning the acoustic wave induced within the water column by the sea floor motion
3) Application to Real Case: Tokachi-Oki 2003 Event

16. 2-D Vertical X-Z frame of reference
1. MODEL
2-D Vertical X-Z frame of reference z x h
WATER COLUMN hs
POROUS SEDIMENT

17. Assumptions
1) Small Amplitude waves: the wave amplitude x is negligible with respect to the wavelength. x/h << Kinetic Energy << Potential Energy
2) No Sea Water Viscosity =>
(Potential Flow)

18. Navier-Stokes equations for a compressible fluid
in WATER COLUMN we use
Navier-Stokes equations for a compressible fluid
into SEDIMENT we use
Darcy equations for porous medium

19. Linearized Bernoulli equation
EQUATIONS OF MOTION :
Sea Water Column:
Mass Conservation
Linearized Bernoulli equation
c is the sound speed

20. Linearised Bernoulli equation
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
Free Surface (z = 0):
Linearised Bernoulli equation
Kinematic condition

21. Sea Water – Sediment Bed interface (z = -h):
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
Sea Water – Sediment Bed interface (z = -h):
Stress Continuity
Vertical velocity continuity

22. Non-permeability condition
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
Sediment Bottom :
Non-permeability condition
η(t) is the sea floor displacement (η/ h << 1)
We use and combine different kind of sea floor motions: duration, phase, amplitude and different motion are employed together in order to obtain a wide typology of sea floor motion.

23. Basic Sea Floor Motions (each motion can be either negative or positive polarized and due to linearity they can be composed with different periods, amplitudes and phases):
Time
Space
Permanent Displacement +
Positive Elastic Motion (no permanent displacement) +
Elastic Oscillation (no permanent displacement)

24. The sea floor elastic motion can be obtained combining permanent displacement with time-shift operator +
The pressure field at fixed depth can be easily related to the free surface solution (transfer function) +
The solution, corresponding to the elastic motion can be easily related to the one obtained for the permanent displacement.
Hence it is sufficient to solve the problem for the free surface and permanent displacement only

25. Semi-Analytical Solution
by transforming
x spatial variable with Fourier
and
t time variable with Laplace

26. where
with k wave number and ω angular velocity
A(ω, k), B(ω, k), C(ω, k) and D(ω, k) are the functions obtained imposing the boundary conditions. For example B is given by the following espression
and

27. Model of Sea Floor Permanent Displacement
Fourier (x => K)
+ Laplace (t => ω)
τ: time duration of the sea floor motion
η0: amplitude of the sea floor motion
a: half-length of the source area

28. (in the Fourier – Laplace space):
Transfer function
(in the Fourier – Laplace space):
Pressure at depth z
Free Surface
(z = 0)

29. 2. RESULTS The solved model allows us to study:
The pressure and velocity fields (in the water column and in the porous sediment)
The free surface signal (from the velocity vertical component at the air-water interface)
at different distances from the source.

30. In this model, the sea floor motion causes a modulated hydro acoustic wave

31. Free surface plot at 100km (a), 200km(b), 300km (c) and 1000km (d) distance from the source.
τ= 25 sec.
h = 3 km.
hs = 1.5 km.
n = 0.3
kp = 10-6 cm2

32. Hydro-acoustic signal with
its modulation

33. We found that this wave, travelling much faster than tsunami wave, can propagate far outside the source area and carries information about source main parameters as velocity, amplitude and extension of the source area

34. Free surface plot at 300 km. from the source for different source length: 30km (a), 60km(b), 90km (c)
η0 = 1 m.
τ= 25 sec.
h = 1.5 km.
hs = 0.75 km.
n = 0.3
kp = 10-6 cm2

35. Free surface plot at 300 km. from the source for different source velocity: 1 m/s (a), 0.2 m/s (b), 0.1 m/s (c)
η0 = 1 m.
h = 1.5 km.
hs = 0.75 km.
n = 0.3
kp = 10-6 cm2

36. “INTERFERING” CASE: Free surface plot for different source time duration: 4 s (a), 8 s (b), 12 s (c) , 16 s (d)
τ= n (4h/c)
n = 1,2,…
η0 = 1 m.
h = 1.5 km.
hs = 0.75 km.
n = 0.3
kp = 10-6 cm2

37. Comparison of Modulation Pulse Slope
INTERFERING CASE:
Comparison of Modulation Pulse Slope

38. Within the frame of a compressible model the energy transmitted to the water layer by bottom motion is:
In a 2-D Model we can rewrite:
The mean slope is effectively an indicator of the energy released by the bottom motion into the water layer

39. In other word this modulated acoustic signal can be regarded as tsunami precursor and it could be used in new tsunami early warning systems!

40. Non seismic tsunamigenic submarine landslide could also produce hydro acoustic waves

41. CONSIDERATIONS
1) The source information carried by the acoustic wave is present in the very first pulses.
2) In this sense the modulated acoustic waves act like a Tsunami precursor !!! and could be used for Tsunami Early Warning purpose
3) The porous sediment acts as low pass filter
4) Darcy equation does not consider compressibility in the sediment

42. Two layer model To consider the effect of sediment compressibility
the porous sediment is treated as
fluid-like, homogeneous and isotropic medium.
The sediment effective viscosity,
take into account inter-granular friction within the sediment itself.(Buckingham 1998)

43. Motion Equations: Sea Water Column: Sediment (Viscous fluid):
With the same boundary conditions

44. 2003 Tokachi-Oki event

45. Nosov 2007 3-D rigid bottom model
MISMATCH between
measurement and model results !

46. Two layer model vs
Darcy sediment Model

47. CONCLUSIONS
1) Main effects of the porous layer: a) low-pass filtering of the signals and b) attenuation of the signal:
2) The compressible porous sediment changes the power spectrum distribution of the hydro-acoustic wave.
3) The acoustic signal generated by the sea-floor motion, reaches the observation points much earlier than the possible tsunami wave.

48. CONCLUSIONS
4) The acoustic signal carries information as to sea floor motion
5) These information can be extracted from the signal just from the very first pulses arrival.
6) Interference does not erase the source motion information contained in the acoustic signal
7) The acoustic signal shows a low attenuation in amplitude also at long distance from the
source.

49. If detected these hydro-acoustic waves can lead to the design of a new tsunami early warning system based on tsunami precursors

50. OνDE hydro-acoustic antennas equipped with suitable low frequency hydrophones might be a good candidate for the detector and for the basic element of a possible hydro-acoustic tsunami early warning system

52. 1. Height variation of the sensor h:
Pressure Dynamics and kinematics effects due to pressure sensor and sea floor motions
1. Height variation of the sensor h:
Where:
h is the sea water density
g is the gravitational acceleration

53. 2. Drag pressure induced by the station motion:
Where:
CD is the station drag coefficient
V is the modulus of the station velocity

54. 3. Pressure field locally generated in the fluid by the
sea floor motion:
Where:
h is the water column height
is the sea floor bottom vertical acceleration