1. 5th IUPAC International Conference on
GREEN CHEMISTRY
17 – 21 August 2014
DURBAN
South Africa

2. Lami Nnamonu and John Anyam
Pesticidal and anti-feedant activity tests of extracts of the seeds of Afrostyrax lepidophyllus against three pests
Lami Nnamonu and John Anyam
Centre for Agrochemical Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Attendance supported by the Pan Africa Chemistry Network

3. Pesticides
Pesticides have played a leading role in improving agricultural productivity and preserving human life.

4. Common groups of pests? INSECTS WEEDS BACTERIA VIRUSES FUNGI RODENTS
Global losses are still very high…

5. Stored food pests 80% of human food comes from grains
12% of grains is lost to insects before harvest
another 36% is lost after harvest to insects
overall total food losses due to pests are about 50% destruction

6. Pesticides in stored products
From the Store to the Stomach…

7. Are pesticides not supposed to be harmful?

8. Persistent Pesticides
DDT
Prohibited in the US since 1972
Dieldrin
Prohibited in the US since 1978
Both known carcinogens.

9. The Effects Abamectin Chlorpyrifos Endosulfan Methidathion Vinclozolin
Acute & chronic toxicity; reproductive/ developmental toxin
Highly toxic to insects & fish
Chlorpyrifos
Cholinesterase inhibitor; suspected endocrine disrupter
Moderately toxic to humans, affecting central nervous system, cardiovascular system, & respiratory system
Highly toxic to birds & fish and is moderately persistent in soils (2 weeks to 1 year)
Endosulfan
Acute & chronic toxicity
Mutagenic
Methidathion
Acute & chronic toxicity; reproductive toxin; cholinesterase inhibitor
“Restricted use pesticide”
Carcinogenic
Vinclozolin
Carcinogenic; developmental/ reproductive toxin; suspected endocrine disrupter
Approved/ recommended pesticides for Virginia & West Virginia apple orchards (from a list of ~99 pesticides)
Captan-also carcinogenic

10. Pesticide Residues in Food
…why worry?
EPA, FDA, & USDA enforce & monitor
tolerance levels
Most are in use in Nigeria and other developing countries (Regulatory bodies & actual monitoring)

11. Insect Management for Stored Grain
Goal should be to maintain grain quality without using any chemical
Prevent the added expense of insecticide/fumigants
Prevent the risk of chemical residues on the grain
Prevent the risk of exposure to the applicator

12. Non-chemical controls
Cold
Heat
Packaging
Mechanical destruction

13. According to NIH MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, roughly 7 million people die of food poisoning each year, with about 10 times as many suffering from a non-fatal version.

14. Beans in the NEWS
₦airaland Forum
Welcome, Guest: Join Nairaland / Login / Trending / Recent / New Stats: members, topics. Date: Friday, 15 August 2014 at 09:27 AM
6 Family Members Die After Eating Poisonous Beans In Adamawa. - Nairaland
Nairaland Forum / Nairaland / General / Politics / 6 Family Members Die After Eating Poisonous Beans In Adamawa. (451 Views) / Killer Beans In South West Market By Boko Haram. (1) (2) (3) (4)

15. Three family members die after eating beans
        
Home News Business Opinion & Analysis
World Lifestyle Sport Selefu Mmegi
Three family members die after eating beans
Three people in a family of 13, who suffered similar symptoms of vomiting, have died under suspicious circumstances at Mmakgori village farms, police have said.
Last Updated
Friday 15 August 2014, 07:01 am.
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16. Husband, Wife, Child Die, 12 Others Hospitalised After Eating Beans In Kano - Nairaland
Nairaland Forum / Nairaland / General / Health / Husband, Wife, Child Die, 12 Others Hospitalised After Eating Beans In Kano (424 Views)
Five Die After Eating Amala In Ondo / Can Too Much Of Eating Beans Give Me Problem / 10 Hospitalised After Amala Meal (1) (2) (3) (4)
Welcome, Guest: Join Nairaland / Login / Trending / Recent / New Stats: members, topics. Date: Tuesday, 29 July 2014 at 11:31 PM

17. 46-year-old housewife dies after eating a meal of beans and fried
Friday, June 10, 2011
46-year-old housewife dies after
eating a meal of beans and fried
plantain

18. Six family members die after meal
Eleven other people affected by the killer beans
are receiving medical attention
Article | August 24, :27pm |
By Vincent Ehiabhi

19. Acute Atrazine Food Poisoning In Shaibupe:
ISSN 2320 –2432
World Journal of Medical and Surgical Case Reports
Acute Atrazine Food Poisoning In Shaibupe:
A Farming Community in Northern Ghana.
Edmund Der, Juventus B Ziem, Ken Sagoe, Richard K Gyasi and Jehoran T Anim
Department of Pathology, University for development studies School of medicine and health sciences P.O Box 1350
Tamale, Ghana
Submitted August 29, 2013
World Journal of Medical and Surgical Case Reports Volume No 3
Case Report

20. Six Family Members, Friend Die After A Bean Meal
General News | 3 November 2011 Last updated at 12:00 CET
 0  Comment
Six Family Members, Friend Die
After A Bean Meal
Source: Graphic Online ▼ ​
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21. Bihar school meal poisoning incident
On 16 July 2013, at least 23 students died and dozens more fell ill at a primary school in the village of Dharmashati Gandaman in the Saran district of the Indian state of Bihar after eating a Midday Meal contaminated with pesticide.
Location of Bihar in India

22. Green Pesticides
all types of nature-oriented & beneficial pest control materials that contribute to reduce pest population& increase food production.
safe and ecofriendly.
more compatible with environmental components than synthetic pesticides (Isman and Machial, 2006)

23. Green Pesticides - Neem oil, etc Slurries – nettles, tansy, horsetail
Plant essential oils
- Neem oil, etc
Slurries – nettles, tansy, horsetail
Rhubarb leaves
Garlic, hot chilli pepper sprays
Basic soap sprays
insecticidal, antifeedant, repellent, oviposition deterrent, growth regulatory and antivector activities against pest insects & plant pathogenic fungi

24. Afrostyrax Lepidophyllus
“Country onion” spice, also medicinal; treating intestinal pains and also as a pain killer.
Bark extract has shown pesticidal activity against nematodes & arthropods, lice and blowflies
Seeds? Nothing yet.

26. Preparation of Plant material
Table 1 Percentage yield of extract
Extraction solvent
% Yield
n-hexane
5.58
Ethyl acetate
8.53
Ethanol
8.63
Water
14.15

27. Materials and Methods Table 2 Phytochemical screening Phytochemical
Ethanol Extract
Ethylacetate extract
Alkaloids +
Saponins
Anthraquinones -
Terpenes/Terpenoids
Steroids
Tannins
Cardiac glycosides
Flavonoids
Phlobatannins
Sterols

28. Pesticidal Activity
Infested beans were observed for 18 days before mature weevils emerged
The extracts (100 mg each) were dissolved separately in acetone (100 ml per extract).
10 bean seeds each were evenly sprayed with a mixture of an extract on a warm surface (to reduce residual effects of acetone). Control group not treated.
Mortality was observed and recorded as % mortality over time. Same for termites.

29. Cockroaches were kept in enclosed containers (labelled A, B, C, D &E per extract) with perforated covers..
Benniseed (20g) was treated with an even spray of extract (same as bean weevils/termites).
3 cockroaches per glass container.
Bottle E = control. Triplicate.

30. Plate 1 Ethyl acetate extract treated Spear grass and termites

31. Results
Figure 1 Percentage Mortality of Cockroach fed with A. lepidophyllus extract treated Benniseed (Sesame) over five days

32. Figure 2. % Mortality of Termites fed with
a.lepidophyllus extract treated spear grass

33. Figure 3. % Mortality of Beans weevil fed with
a. lepidophyllus extract treated beans

34. Anti-feedant activity
Figure 4 Percentage Mortality against weight consumed by cockroach fed with Treated Benniseed (Sesame) over five days

35. On-going work Isolation and Characterisation Establishment of LD50
Comparison with chemical pesticides
Field testing
Antimicrobial and fungicidal properties

36. References
Helfrich, L., Weigmann, D., Hipkins, P. and Stinson, E. (1996). Pesticides and aquatic animals: a guide to reducing impacts on aquatic systems. VA Coop. Exten Pub. 420–013. Accessed 10/2014;
W. Battaglin and J. Fairchild (2002).Potential toxicity of pesticides measured in midwestern streams to aquatic organismsWater Science and Technology. (45) 9 pp 95–103
IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "pesticide residues”
Stephen W.C. Chung, Benedict L.S. Chen. (2011). "Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in fatty foods: A critical review on the analytical methods and their testing capabilities". Journal of Chromatography A (33): 5555–5567. doi: /j.chroma PMID
Opender Koul, Suresh Walia and G. S. Dhaliwal(2008).Essential Oils as Green Pesticides: Potentials and Constraints. Biopestic. Int. 4(1): 63–84
Isman, M.B. (2000) Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot., 19, 603–608.
Lee Moran (2013).Termites eat through $65,000 worth of Chinese woman's savings.New York Daily News
urbanprinciples.ifas.ufl.edu/stored food pests.ppt
kconline.kaskaskia.edu/aheinzmann/.../Unit5chemicals.ppt

37. Thank you! Attendance supported by the Pan Africa Chemistry Network