1. Chapter 34
An Age of Anxiety

2. “The lost generation” (Gertrude Stein) Disillusionment after WW I
Era of Innovation
“The lost generation” (Gertrude Stein)
Disillusionment after WW I
Pessimism over idea of human progress
Spengler, Decline of the West

3. Gertrude Stein
An American writer and catalyst in the development of modern art and literature, who spent most of her life in France.
“All of you young people who served in the war, you are all a lost generation.”
Portrait of Gertrude Stein by Pablo Picasso, 1906

4. The Lost Generation
The "Lost Generation" were said to be disillusioned by the large number of casualties of the First World War, cynical of the Victorian notions of morality and propriety of their elders and ambivalent about Victorian gender ideals.
The writers of this period included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and T.S. Eliot.

5. An American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist.
Ernest Hemingway
An American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist.
Wrote The Sun Also Rises which reflected a generation that had lost its moral grounding during the war.

6. F. Scott Fitzgerald
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was an Irish American novelist and short story writer.
Wrote The Great Gatsby reflected a generation that had lost its moral grounding during the war.

7. T.S. Eliot
Thomas Stearns Eliot was an American poet, dramatist and literary critic.
He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948.
In his poem The Wasteland, Eliot expressed the negative outlook of the postwar years by describing a world without faith, where moral and spiritual values could not be restored.

8. Franz Kafka
Franz Kafka, a middle-class Jew based in Prague, was one of the major German- language fiction writers of the 20th century.
Kafka used surrealism in his work, which brings conscious and unconscious ideas together to portray life in a dreamlike way.

9. “Weakness” of democracy Religion discredited
Loss of a Moral Compass
“Weakness” of democracy
Religion discredited
Friedrich Nietzsche ( )
Existentialism
Formative years of Jean-Paul Sartre ( ), Albert Camus ( )

10. Relativism in the Physical World
Albert Einstein ( )
Theory of Special Relativity
Neither time nor space absolute values, vary with observer
Werner Heisenberg ( )
The Uncertainty Principle
Concepts extended to humanities, social sciences

11. The life of the subconscious mind Repression of sexual desires, fears
The Soul Explained?
Sigmund Freud ( )
The life of the subconscious mind
Repression of sexual desires, fears
Interpretation of Dreams
Free Association
Application to mythology, religion, literature, art, etc.

12. Retreat from Realism in Art
Photography makes realism irrelevant
Art as creation, not reproduction
Retreat to abstraction
Pablo Picasso ( )
Influence of non-western styles
Nu descendant un Escalier no.2, Neuilly 1912

13. Pablo Picasso’s Guernica, 1937

14. Otto Dix ,The Seven Deadly Sins, 1933
Otto Dix ,The Seven Deadly Sins, It was created immediately after the Nazis had Dix removed from his teaching position at the Dresden Art Academy. The figures are Avarice (an old, bent over hag clutching at money), Envy (who rides the back of Avarice), Sloth (the figure in the skeleton costume who holds the scythe, and whose legs and arms form a rough swastika), Lust (who dances in a lascivious way behind Death, Anger (the horned Demon behind Death), Pride (the enormous head behind the scythe, whose ears are plugged and who has an anus for a mouth), and Gluttony (represented by the figure in the uppermost right corner who wears a cooking pot on his head).

15. Mechanization of Architecture
The Bauhaus
Director: Walter Gropius ( )
Form follows function
Square, lifeless, but efficient
Skyscrapers
“Glass boxes”
“International Style”
Loved by business, government

16. European Origins of the Great Depression
Austria/Germany borrow money from USA to pay war debts to France and England
France, England pay debts owed to USA for WWI
System dependent on flow of cash from USA
Investors begin to pull out in 1928

17. The Great Depression [1929-1941]
London in 1930
Paris in 1930

18. main reason for the depression were: at Depression - Why?
Less demand for raw materials – With the onset of the war, demand for resources soared. After the war, much of the industry built on that demand was now gone.
Overproduction of manufactured goods – Factories kept producing goods, despite that demand had dropped off with the stock market crash of 1929, leaving a surplus of manufactured goods with no one to buy.
The stock market crash – When brokers began to call in loans on purchases largely bought on loan prior to the crash, investors could not pay them, leading to financial panic and the eventual crash.

19. German Unemployment: 1929-1938

20. The German Mark

21. Decrease in World Trade: 1929-1932

22. The Great Depression - Results
During the depression, banks and businesses closed, putting millions out of work and drastically decreasing production of goods. As the depression continued, many lost faith in democracy and capitalism.
Extreme ideas began to gain value. Communists celebrated what they saw as the failure of capitalism. Strong leaders supported intense nationalism, militarism, and a return to authoritarian rule.
Strong leaders in Italy and Germany high unemployment and severe economic problems helped paved the way for totalitarian dictatorships.

23. German Election Results in 1933
Because of the success of the Nazi Party in the poll, its leader and Chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler, was able to pass the Enabling Act, which effectively gave him the power of a dictator.

24. New Technologies and the Great Depression
Single-export countries devastated by declines due to new technology
Reclaimed rubber destroys rubber-based economies of Dutch East Indies, Malaysia, Ceylon

25. Agricultural Surpluses and the Great Depression
Overproduction in 1920s
Strongest harvests in 1925, 1929
Wheat lowest price in 400 years
Farm income drops
Less demand for manufactured goods
Inventory surpluses
The Dust Bowl, mid-late 30s

26. Black Thursday (October 24, 1929)
Stock purchases on margin (3%)
Hints of slowdown in Europe
Investors begin to sell
Snowball effect
Life savings lost
Black Thursday
11 Suicides

27. Inventory surplus leads to layoffs
US Economic Collapse
Inventory surplus leads to layoffs
Layoffs lead to decreased demand, businesses fail
1932 industrial production ½ of levels
44% of US banks out of business
Deposits lost

28. World Economic Collapse
Hardest hit: countries dependent on export of manufactured goods for essentials
Japan
Single-export countries
South America

29. Initial Government Attempts to Increase Demand
Brazil
Surplus of coffee beans set on fire, used to build highways
USA: “planned scarcity”
Vegetables, fruits and animals destroyed
Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath

30. Laissez-faire, “planned scarcity” approaches fail
New US Strategies
Laissez-faire, “planned scarcity” approaches fail
John Maynard Keynes, economist
Stimulate economy by lowering interest rates
Encouraging investment, employment
The New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
WWII Spending

31. Franklin Delano Roosevelt

32. The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905
The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

33. Georgi Gapon
The strikers were led by a Russian Orthodox priest and a popular working class leader named Georgi Gapon and hundreds were killed.
This happened because Nicholas II feared an uprising and called in the soldiers.
Destroying any of the faith and trust the people had in the czar, this led to the Revolution of 1905, a failed attempt to overthrow the czar, and a thousand year old legacy of autocracy.
Father Georgi Gapon

34. The Revolution Spreads

35. Russian Cossacks Slaughter The People in Odessa
Anti-Jewish Attacks: Pogroms

36. Results

37. 1. The Tsar’s October Manifesto

38. 2. The Opening of the Duma: Possible Reforms?
The czar continued to exercise veto power over the Duma, and he dissolved and reformed it several times.

39. The March Revolution
By the spring of 1917, the Russian people had lost faith in their government, led by Czar Nicholas II.
The elected legislative body, the Duma, had little power.
Although serfdom had been abolished in 1861, debts, rents, and taxes kept most Russian peasants poor.
Strikes and demonstrations broke out in Petrograd, the then capital (this city would become St. Petersburg).
The last known photograph of Nicholas II, taken after his abdication in March 1917

40. Rasputin “The Mad Monk”
A Russian mystic who is perceived as having influenced the later days of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II, his wife the Tsaritsa Alexandra, and their only son the Tsarevich Alexei.

41. The March Revolution
With the overthrow of the czar a temporary government was established. This provisional government did very little to quell the demands of the middle class workers who had revolted against the czar.
Most of these workers were socialists who demanded political and economic equality throughout Russia. They formed soviets, or councils of workers and soldiers in Russian cities.
Two factions of the soviets fought for power. The moderate Mensheviks and the more radical Bolsheviks.

42. The leader of the Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin, mug shot, Dec. 1895

43. Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Lenin
Workers formed soviets, or councils of workers and soldiers in Russian cities.
Lenin demanded that all power be turned over to the soviets and the Bolshevik slogan was “peace, bread and land.”
This appealed to the war-weary and hungry Russian people. Lenin was a Marxist.
Lenin’s version of Marxism formed the basis of communism.

44. The Bolshevik Revolution
October/November 1917
Soviets take over
Disband Constituent Assembly
“All Power to the Soviets!”

45. Red Army vs. The Whites Leon Trotsky
Many in Russia were still loyal to the czar. Soon after the October Revolution broke out, the czar’s supporters, known as the Whites, and the Communist forces known as the Red Army began to clash.
To ensure that the czar could not come into power, Lenin executed the imprisoned czar and his family.
The Allies contributed arms, money and even troops to the White forces until the Whites defeat in 1921 by the Communists.
Leon Trotsky

46. Russian Civil War White Army propaganda poster depicting Trotsky as a devil.

47. Lenin’s “Change”
Lenin’s government had a constitution and an elected legislature. But, the Communist Party, not the people had the real power. All opposition parties were banned and only Communist Party members could run for office.
The revolution had led to economic catastrophe which in led to Lenin adopting the New Economic Policy. Under this plan, the government controlled banks, large industry and foreign trade. Some small private businesses were allowed to help stimulate the economy.
In 1922 the Communists renamed the land they ruled the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the USSR, or the Soviet Union.

48. Rapid collectivization Confiscations
War Communism,
Rapid collectivization
Confiscations
Massively unpopular, Lenin backtracks in 1921
New Economic Policy (NEP) partial privatization of the economy

49. New Economic Policy (NEP)
Promotion of Agriculture
Promotion of Industry
“Kulaks” and speculation
“one step backward, two steps forward”

50. Lenin’s Stroke (1922) and death (1924) Triumvirate: Stalin Bukharin
Lenin’s Death
Lenin’s Stroke (1922) and death (1924)
Triumvirate:
Stalin
Bukharin
Trotsky

51. Since 1924, Lenin’s body ahs been on displayed at the Lenin Mausoleum.

52. Joseph Stalin
When Lenin died in 1924, a power struggle took place within the Communist Party.
The main rivals for power were Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
Stalin was the leader of the Communist Party.
Stalin emerged as the leader by arguing that after socialism succeeded in Soviet Union, revolution would spread throughout the world.

53. Yosef Vissarionovich Dzugashvili Nom de guerre: “Man of Steel,”
Joseph Stalin ( )
Yosef Vissarionovich Dzugashvili
Nom de guerre: “Man of Steel,”
Georgian
Mother’s influence leads to Orthodox seminary education
Leads Soviet Union by 1928

54. The Purges
Mechanics of a purge
“confession”
the show-trial
punishment
Massive scope: 8 million Soviet citizens in labor camps by 1939
Euphemisms: “wreckers, saboteurs”

55. The possibility of escape Forced labor Living conditions
Life in the Gulag
Internal exile
The possibility of escape
Forced labor
Living conditions
Trial and re-trial

56. Stalin and Industrialization
The “Great Leap Forward”
Socialism in One Country
Massive collectivization of agriculture

57. The Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33
A Terror-Famine?
Ukrainians
Don Region
De-kulakization
The Law of Socialist Property
“When you cut down a forest, splinters will fly”

58. Stalin’s Economy
Stalin established a command economy, in which government officials made all basic decisions.
Under Stalin, the government owned all factories, businesses and farms.
In 1928, Stalin launched the first of his five year plans of industrialization. Consumer goods were ignored with all of the focus being on heavy industry.
In the 1930’s, oil, coal, steel, mining and military goods increased, while most Russians already impoverished lives got worse.
Consumer goods that were being produced were of cheap quality and hard to come by.
Most were starving.

59. The Growth of European Fascism
From “fasces,” Roman symbol of authority
Axe surrounded by wooden rods
Originates with Benito Mussolini
Influenced Europe, Asia, Latin America

60. Italian Fasces

61. Fascism: Common Elements
Primacy of state over individual
Distrust of democracy: the Führerprinzip
Hostility to Communism
Chauvinistic
Militaristic

63. Fascism in Italy
Poor showing of post-WWI Italian government
Public disappointed with weak territorial gains
Economic and social turmoil
Mussolini, former newspaper editor, electoral successes in 1921
March on Rome October, King Emmanuel III offers him office of prime minister
1926 seizes power as Il Duce, “the leader”

64. Benito Mussolini [ ]

65. Benito Mussolini
As an extreme nationalist, when Mussolini returned from World War I, he organized his own political party known as the Fascist party and called its doctrine fascism.
Fascism is the rule of a people by dictatorial government that is nationalistic and imperialistic.
While communism appealed to workers and promised a society without social classes, fascism appealed to the upper and middle classes, promising to preserve existing social classes and the ownership of private property.

66. Fascist Youth

67. The Black Shirts
Inspired by Giuseppe Garibaldi’s Redshirts
Used by the Fascists to conduct a violent campaign against strikers, Communist supporters and any other opponents.

68. Weimar Republic
After World War I, the Kaiser abdicated (Wilhelm II) the throne and the Weimar Republic was founded.
The German people were unhappy with the Weimar republic because they supported the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, which made the Weimar Republic seem as traitors to Germany.
Inflation 1923–24: a woman feeds her tiled stove with money. At the time, burning money was less expensive than buying firewood.

69. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and the Nazi Party
1921 becomes Chairman of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis)
Attempts to overthrow government in 1923
Beer Hall Putsch
Writes autobiography Mein Kampf in jail, massively popular

70. The Nazi Party
Promising to protect Germany from communism, the Nazi Party was extremely nationalistic, and anti- Semitic, attracting support from wealthy business leaders and landowners.
In 1925, the Nazi Party had just 25,000 members. By 1929, the party had grown to 180,000 members.

71. The Third Reich
Reminding his people of their countries former glory, Hitler began to refer to his rule as the Third Reich. The first would have been the Holy Roman Empire, followed by the German Empire of the Hohenzollerns.
Hitler claimed the Third Reich would last 1000 years.
Large military parades were prominent in the Nazi era.

72. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and the Nazi Party
Capitalizes on public discontent with post-war era
War guilt clause
Reparation payments
Inability of major parties to come to consensus
Anti-semitism

73. Consolidation of Power
Nazis become single largest party in parliament,
Weak president Paul von Hindenburg ( ) appoints Hitler as Chancellor
Suppresses opposition, abrogates constitutional and civil rights
Makes the Nazis the sole legal party
Destroys trade unions
Purges judiciary, civil service of perceived enemies

74. The Racial State Theories of racial superiority, racial purity
Policies of eugenics
Compulsory sterilization of 30,000 Germans
Abortions illegal for healthy Germans, mandatory for “hereditary ill” and “racial aliens”
“Euthanasia” program kills 200,000 people with physical or mental handicaps between
Precursors to massacres of Jews, gypsies

75. Anti-Semitism Influence of 19th-century racism
1935 Nuremburg laws define Jew on racial basis
Prohibits marriages between Jews and non-Jews
Removal of Jews from civil service, schools
Liquidation of Jewish-owned businesses or purchase by non-Jews
Kristallnacht: major country-wide pogrom on Jews, November 9- 10, 1938
“Night of broken glass”

77. Rome-Berlin Axis