1. Section I - Part A: Multiple Choice | 55 Questions | 55 Minutes | 40%
AP Test (May 6th)
Section I - Part A: Multiple Choice | 55 Questions | 55 Minutes | 40%
analyze historical texts, interpretations, and evidence.
Primary and secondary sources, images, graphs, and maps
Section I - Part B: Short Answer | 4 Questions | 50 Minutes | 20% Some questions include texts, images, graphs, or maps.
Section II - Part A: Document Based | 1 Question | 55 Minutes (includes 15 minute reading period) | 25% of Exam Score
Analyze and synthesize historical data.
Assess written, quantitative, or visual materials as historical evidence.
Section II - Part B: Long Essay | 1 Question | 35 Minutes | 15% Students select one among two. Explain and analyze significant issues in U.S. history. Develop an argument supported by an analysis of historical evidence

2. New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1769
Chapter 1
(If Red: Not on note sheet)

4. The Shaping of North America
225 million years ago, the earth was a single super-continent called Pangaea.
East Coast linked to Africa, Atlantic Ocean formed & Pacific became smaller. From Pangaea to the Modern Continent YouTube :25 sec of video on how shift occurred
As the continental plates shifted (plate Tectonics) the continents and the oceans were formed in between
Tectonic plates are made of both continental and oceanic crust. The land that we see is the continental crust, about 19 mi. thick. Under the sea, the heavier oceanic crust is much thinner, about 5 to 6 mi thick.
Plates move about 8 centimeters (3 in) per year. That’s about as fast as a fingernail grows in a year!
The Shaping of North America

6. Between Siberia and Alaska
Peopling the Americas
10,000-35,000 years ago – years ago - the Great Ice Age much of the world’s oceans melted into massive glaciers on land, drawing water out of oceans, lowering sea levels - created land bridge across Bering Sea (Beringia)(even today fishermen like fishing here because they can reach the bottom – shallow)
Between Siberia and Alaska
– small bands of Asian nomadic hunters (probably following game) came across land bridge and populated America.
v=E_k9uE6vrb8
Teachers' Domain When Did the First Americans Arrived.mp4

9. The South Pacific Route Theory
If Monte Verde (Chili)is 33,000 years old, and the oldest date in North America is 20,000 younger, it seems to indicate some other migration route: across the South Pacific.
Proponents of the Kelp Highway Theory say that early explorers traveled by boat from Asia to South America following the kelp beds.
Ocean currents would take people from the Pacific Islands south and then swing north as they neared South America. Following ocean currents.

10. 10,000 yrs ago ice age ended and ice melted and sea level rose –no more land bridge so migration stopped.(2 worlds cut off)
Over the Centuries nomad hunters split into countless tribes, evolving more than 2,000 separate languages w/ diverse cultures, religions & ways of life:
3 Distinct Civilizations in Central & South America: INCAS, Mayans & AZTECS

11. Native American Civilizations in the South
The most elaborate civilizations developed in South America: Mayan
In Central America and the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico the Mayan Civilization became the most sophisticated civilization AD survived 2,000 yrs
Spanish conquerors thought the hieroglyphics was devil worship so destroyed (lost for centuries)
In the jungle built pyramids & temples with human sacrifices & athletes competing for their lives.
9th century abandoned their cities (no idea why)
Written language
Number system (figured out concept of yrs before Europeans)
Calendar
Agricultural system
Trade routes
Cities as large as London & Paris w/ schools, libraries, hospitals & huge sports arenas.

12. The Aztec (called themselves Mexica) capitol was Tenochtitlan (ten-o-chi-land) it became the most advanced/organized city up to that point
Large buildings
Schools
Organized military
Medical system
Slave work force
Trade system
Mankind story of Us 7:41-17:50 disc 2 New World: 3Q2ryjv-M

13. Incas in Peru
The Inca first appeared in the Andes region during the 12th cent. A.D.
Ecuador to Chile
12 million inhabitants from more than 100 different ethnic groups
Well-devised agricultural and roadway systems, along with a centralized religion and language.
overwhelmed by the diseases and superior weaponry of Spanish.

15. What 3 civilizations developed complex societies in Central & S
What 3 civilizations developed complex societies in Central & S. America?
What was similar and different about the Aztecs & Mayan people?
How do you think corn/Maize help the Aztecs develop socially, economically & politically?
How did the varied environments of North America shape the Native Americans societies?
How did Native American societies respond to the lack of natural resources on the Great Plains?
What did the Iroquois tribes form and what was its purpose? How did this influence the American 13 colonies?
What were the traditional Native American roles of men and women?
Although North American tribes varied so differently from region to region, what common characteristic was shared by all?
What invention aided the spread of knowledge across Europe leading to the age of exploration?
What caused demand for Asian goods such as spices, silks and perfumes in Europe?

16. The Native American civilizations in the North were primarily hunting and gathering societies
In Alaska, the Eskimos (Inuit) fished and hunted igloos & sleds on snow, ice fishing
tribes in the Pacific North West and East led “nomadic” lives and fished salmon & built canoes

17. cleared forest to farm & used wood to build homes. matrilineal system?
NE Tribes:
The Northeast was covered in forests and was inhabited by the “Wood land Indians” –
cleared forest to farm & used wood to build homes.
matrilineal system?
decimated by European diseases (encountered Pilgrims)
Algonquin & Iroquois although warring often formed confederacy of 5 nations.(belief that inspired Articles of Confederation)
SE Tribes:
Cherokee, Seminole, Chickasaw, Creek & Choctaw (called 5 civilized tribes by colonists because they conformed) However, later become victims of Trail of Tears why is that ironic?
ative-american-history/native- american-cultures/videos/the- first-americans

18. Although very diverse cultures amongst the different Indian tribes, the religion was often connected to their relationship with nature =
Animism –belief that non-human things possess a spirit. (very different than Europeans)
Unlike the Europeans, Native Americans had neither the desire or means to manipulate nature aggressively.
Nature was revered and endowed with spiritual properties. Yet sometimes ignited massive forest fires to create better hunting habits.
So thinly spread across the continent that vast areas were untouched by a human presence.

19. Southwest (Pueblo/Hopi) – lived in arid land & relied on irrigation to grow maize
Great Basin & Great Plains (Lakota Sioux) – lack of natural resources which led to growth of nomadic lifestyle & importance of hunting buffalo. (Horses introduced by Spanish will assist in buffalo hunts)

20. The Vikings:
Prior to Columbus arrival in W. Hemisphere the Vikings were the Earliest Europeans to reach the New World but their colonization efforts failed.
(L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland) AD Leif Erikson Mankind disc 2 new world 1:08-8:15
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21. Reasons for Age of Exploration:
Crusades 11th -14th tried to win Holy Land from Muslim control, they acquired a taste to exotic delights of Asia. (indirect reason for discovery of New World)
Goods unknown to Europe now were craved: Silk, drugs for aches, perfumes for unbathed bodies, colorful draperies for gloomy castles and spices especially sugar for food.
but fall of Constantinople in 1453, Travel for Asian goods too expensive w/ Silk Road & camel back
Muslim Middlemen exacted heavy tolls. (killed or enslaved)
European Consumers eager to find another route or alternate sources of supply

22. Renaissance caused a boom in navigational science.
As Spain & Portugal began searching for a water route to China (new technology (compass, caravel, map making and printing press)
Renaissance caused a boom in navigational science.
Mankind 27:30-33:40 disc 2
ch?v=2t81wR8vOi4
Adopted from Chinese by Arab merchants
Caravel
Printing Press

23. Early European Exploration & Colonization:
Resulted in the redistribution of the world’s population as millions moved from Europe & Africa voluntarily & involuntarily.
No more than 4 million Native Americans existed north of Mexico at the time of 1492.
25 million in Central & South America.

24. So what happened
HERE?

25. Religious Conflict in Europe
Since Middle Ages, parts of Spain conquered by Muslim invaders (Ottoman Turks of Islam- Moors)
Isabella(queen of Castile) & Ferdinand(king of Aragon) united & expelled the Moors: new leadership, hope & power est.
Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther) result: Religious Wars between Catholics & Protestants and each wanting their version of Christianity adopted by non-Christians (Evangelisms) (what is meant by this?)

26. Christopher Columbus
Columbus spent 8 yrs seeking financial help for his plan to “sail west to reach the Indies.”
After defeat of the Moors, Spain’s King & Queen Isabella & Ferdinand, Spain sponsored 4 voyages west to find China. (1st brought success & glory but 3 subsequent trips were disappointing as he searched for a passage way through & gold)
Columbus explored Bahamas, Cuba, the Caribbean, & the north coast of S. America.
Died in 1506 still believing he had found a western route to Asia.
Age of Exploration begins: Gold, Glory & God -3gs why Europeans coming

27. Erroneously given the Native Americans the name “Indians”
Columbus’s Legacy
At time of death viewed as failure because didn’t find route to riches of Asia as he claimed but found a “New World”
Erroneously given the Native Americans the name “Indians”
Land he explored given the name for someone else: Amerigo Vespucci (anther Italian explorer)
Many injustices suffered by Indians
Nevertheless, great skill as navigator & daring commitment in going forth where nobody else dared.
1st permanent interaction between Europeans and Native Americans.

28. Early European Exploration and Colonization SOL
English and Spanish had violent conflicts with the First Americans or Native Americans.
Indians lost their traditional territories and fell victim to diseases (like Small Pox) carried from Europe. (90%-worst demographic (relating to population) disaster in history)
Unlike Europeans, American Indians did not believe in land (Animism)ownership so easily lost lands (Encomienda by Spanish to displacement by English)
French relations with native peoples were more cooperative. Reasons:
1. French settled present day Canada down MS R. w/ Fur trade, used Indians as guides, intermarry
2. French Exploration didn’t lead to large scale immigration

29. King Spain give grants of land & Indians to individual Spaniards (160,000)
Millions of Indians had to farm & work in mines. (slaves)
Fruits of labor went to Spaniards in return Spaniards had to care for Indians & Christianize them. (In all but name it was slavery)
When Indians died off from disease & harsh conditions, the Spanish brought slaves from West Africa under the asiento system (only difference was Spaniard had to pay tax to king for every slave brought over)

30. 10,000 yrs separation Columbus Mankind disc 2 (33:40-39:14)

31. Age of Exploration & Colonization intitiated worldwide commercial expansion: Columbian Exchange
Contact was both immediate & long- term effects: after separation of thousands of years
Native Americans gave to Europeans: foods=beans, corn (will help increase populations in Europe), sweet & white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco. Disease= syphilis (60% of crops cultivated today originated in New World)
Europeans to Native Americans: sugar, bluegrasses, pigs, & horses, wheel, iron, guns and diseases ex. Small pox , measles (decimated Indian Population (mortality rate was 90%)

32. When Worlds Collide :
American foods aided population boom in Europe and Africa (3/5th all food grown originated in America)
Great Plains Indians adopted the horse
90% Indians died within 100 years of discovery mostly all because of disease. (many who died never saw Europeans – shows speed of small pox)

33. Columbian Exchange
Copy on world map

34. Watch crash course Columbian exchange Youtube

35. Diseases killed off Native Americans
Indians’ millennia of isolation = no antibodies while Europeans had built up resistance after multiple generations of dealing with the dreaded diseases.
50 yrs population of Taino natives in Hispaniola dwindled from 1 million to (enslavement & armed aggression didn’t help)
Disease spread so fast that most inflicted never laid eyes on a European.
Indians infecting the early explorers with lethal sexually transmitted disease of syphilis for the first time to Europe. (the America disease) vengeful enslaved Indians kneaded tainted blood into their master’s bread as payback
Within 50 yrs 1st contact (worst demographic disaster in history)
entire cultures & ancient way of life extinguished forever

36. Catholic monarchs turned to the pope to help settle disputed lands
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain & Portugal were 1st kingdoms to lay claim to territories in New World.
Catholic monarchs turned to the pope to help settle disputed lands
1493 the pope drew vertical north- south line on a world map (maps were very poor)
Spain all land west of the line & Portugal all land east.
two nations signed Treaty of Tordesillas.
The Line was moved a few degrees yr later but explains why Brazil claimed by Portugal & Spain the rest of the Americas.
Other European powers were soon to challenge these claims.

38. Hernan Cortes
Mankind disc 2 New World 39:14-to end 45:00

39. Conquest of Mexico
Cortez – Spanish conquistador (wants to conquer Aztecs & recruits Mayans)
Moctezuma – Aztec King (most powerful Indian tribe using human sacrifices of neighbor tribes so Mayans hate Aztecs)
Moctezuma at first treated Cortez like a god but quickly realized enemy.
Noche triste – (Sad night) June 30,1520 Aztecs attacked pushing Spanish out killing many
Spanish built boats & cut off Aztecs from freshwater & yr later city fell. Cortez victory
Mestizos – all Spanish men take Indians as wives. (sex slaves – offspring)

40. Ask students to describe the action taking place here in this illustration of the conquistadors’ battle against the Aztecs.
1. What does this image convey about these two groups? Who are they? What are their similarities and differences? (Answer: On the left are Spanish conquistadors; on the right are Aztec warriors. Both are carrying weapons and wearing military garb. Weapons are similar—swords versus spears. Military garb is very different; Spaniards are wearing helmets and armor, while Aztecs are wearing brightly colored costumes demonstrating affinity with animals.)
2. Which group, in this image, is portrayed as the aggressor? Why might the artist have portrayed the two sides in this way? (Answer: Spaniards are shown as victims—smaller and boxed in to a tiny space. They look confined and nearly defenseless against the larger Aztec warriors. Perhaps the artist was aiming to suggest that the conquistadors’ violent defeat of the Aztecs was necessary and justifiable.)

41. FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERS THE INCA (1532)
Captured (Inca Emperor) after slaughtering thousands of his followers. Spanish demanded a huge ransom for the ruler. Incas paid it in gold, but he was killed anyway
Despite resistance, Spanish gained control of much of South America including Peru, Ecuador & Chile
By 1600 Spain swimming in Silver mostly from present day Bolivia & Mexico. Flood of precious metal touched off price Revolution that rose prices 500 %
Birth of Capitalism- increase $ supply fueled the growth of new economic system)(new world bullion swelled the vaults of bankers laying the foundation of modern banking, stimulated the spread of commerce & spurred trade with Asia who had little use for anything European

42. Hernando de Soto – 1539-1542 600 armored plate men from Florida west to Mississippi River
(treated Indians w/ iron collars & fierce dogs)
died of fever & troops secretly disposed of his body in Miss R. so Indians couldn’t exhume & abuse corpse

43. Other Spanish feats that caused Spanish dominance in the Americas:
Vasco Nunez de Balboa – journey across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean (1st European to discover the Pacific Ocean from the New World)
Ferdinand Magellan – circumnavigation of the world (after fighting through the storms off the southern tip of S.America, he was killed by inhabitants in the Philippines, his one remaining ship made it home to in 1522)

44. Juan Ponce de Leon – &1521 – explored Florida (1st thought it was an island) seeking gold (myth was the fountain of youth) killed by Indian arrow.

45. Francisco Coronado – looking for golden cities (turned out to be adobe pueblos) wondered through Arizona, New Mexico & as far east as Kansas. (Grand Canyon & Colorado River & herds of buffalo)

46. Mississippian Midwest(Illinois)
Examine this engraving of a Native American Village in Brazil in 1550s What do you think the image represents???? Give evidence from the image to support your claim.
Earliest Americans:
Aztecs (Mexico)
Inca (Peru)
Mississippian Midwest(Illinois)
Anasazi- (mysteriously disappeared- belief over farmed built cities onto side of hills (Southwest)
Mayan (Mexico)
Iroquois (Northeast)
Pueblo (Southwest)
Ask students to examine this engraving which depicts the impact of smallpox on a Native American village in Brazil in the 1550s.
1. Who are the people featured in the image, and what are they doing?
(Answer: They are Tupinambá Indians who are coping with an outbreak of smallpox. Man in hammock is ill and being tended by another; two men struggle to carry the body of a dead villager; women are wracked with grief and attempting to comfort one another.)
2. What does the image suggest about the impact of European diseases such as smallpox on the lives of Native Americans? (Answer: Image shows that smallpox was devastating and all-consuming, physically and emotionally.)

47. Corn/Maize AP Test uses corn & maize interchangeably
Corn was essential in transitioning from hunter gathers to systematic agriculture (civilizations)
Once you could grow big field of corn you didn’t have to spend all day looking for berries. (allows for sophisticated socities)
More food sustains larger families & populations
Populations boom
Three-sister farming – in same piece of ground beans grow on the cornstalks and squash covering the ground in-between the stalks –so 3 crops growing on one plot all helping nutrients for soil.
Corn Goddess of Moche culture of Peru

48. Spread of Spanish America
Port of La Sevilla
Spain’s empire grew & w/ in half century hundreds of cities flourished, universities in Mexico City & Lima, Peru. Founded in yrs before Harvard.
Racially Mixed populations:
Mestizo – Indian & European heritage
Mulatto –white & black ancestory

49. Other powers looking to get in on the New World exploits:
English sent & financed Italian Giovanni Caboto John Cabot to explore Northeastern coast of N.America & 1498.

50. Looking for northwest passage through Americas to Asia
French claims to American territory:
French sent Italian Giovanni da Verrazano to probe eastern seaboard in 1524.
Looking for northwest passage through Americas to Asia
Like the English the French were slow to develop colonies
French were preoccupied w/ wars & religious conflict in Europe)
________
_____

51. 1534 French sent Jacques Cartier miles up the St. Lawrence River.
1st permanent French settlement was by in 1608 at Samuel de Champlain Quebec on the St. Lawrence River. “Father of New France”
Other explorers extended French claims: Louis Jolliet & Jacques Marquette explored the Upper Miss R.

52. The Spanish to protect & secure their Northern sphere began to fortify & settle their North American borderlands
To block the french ambitions & protect carribean sea routes, erected fortress at St. Augustine Florida in 1565.
St. Augustine is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the future United States.
Est agriculture society w/ Catholic Church at center..their purpose was conversion of the natives as its primary goal – Missions w/ presidios (fortified garrisons)

53. Battle of Acoma & est of New Mexico & Santa Fe
In Mexico, Coronado’s expedition into Colorado River & Grand Canyon intrigued the Conquistadores Northward
1598 an expeditionary force of 83 wagons 100s men led by Juan de Onate
Cruelty to the Pueblo Indians in Battle of Acoma: severed one foot of each survivor & proclaimed the area for Spain.

54. Santa Fe, New Mexico
Found few furs & little gold but spread Christianity w/ missionary outposts.
Pope’s Rebellion in Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and 400 hundred Spanish settlers. drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. (most successful Indian attack)
Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition
Attempts to change Native American beliefs led to resistance and conflict
Statue of Popé, or Po'Pay,

55. Black Legend

56. The Dutch West India Company took control of the region.
The Dutch Claims
Dutch govt hired Henry Hudson an English explorer to seek the northwest passage to Asia
The Dutch West India Company took control of the region.
The Hudson River was named after him and est. New Amsterdam & later New York.

57. English Exploration and Colonization
Economic, Social & geographical differences in the colonies developed in ways that were either typically European or were distinctively American.
Climate, soil conditions, and other natural resources shaped regional economic development. A strong belief in
private ownership of property and free enterprise characterized colonial life. (Capitalism)

59. Watch Crash Course U.S. History #1 the Black Legend, Native Americans & Spaniards h?v=6E9WU9TGrec1:19

60. Compare & Contrast Juan Gines de Sepulveda Belittles the Indians & Bartomlome de Las Casas Defends the Indians