1. Unix 教學

2. Unix-like System
Linux
FreeBSD
Solaris
Mac OS X …

3. Tools Login tools Putty / pietty Editors ee(Easy Editor) vi FTP tools
WinSCP
FileZilla Client

4. How to use putty/pietty?
Pietty

5. Login The default for SSH service is port 22
bsd1.cs.nctu.edu.tw – bsd5.cs.nctu.edu.tw
linux1.cs.nctu.edu.tw – linux6.cs.nctu.edu.tw …

6. Unix-like command - Shell
clear – clear the screen
ls - list directory contents
mv - move files or directories
mkdir - make directories
rm - remove files or directories
cd - change directory
man - format and display the on-line manual pages
chmod - change file system modes of files and directories. …
chmod, mv, ls -al..
Reference:

7. Unix-like command - Shell
ls -a
Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot (".").
ls -l
(The lowercase letter "ell".) List files in the long format, as described in the The Long Format subsection below.
man ls
man formats and displays the on-line manual pages. If you specify section, man only looks in that section of the manual. name is normally the name of the manual page, which is typically the name of a command, function, or file.

8. Unix-like command - Shell
mkdir [folder_name] (create folder)
rmdir [folder_name] (delete folder)
rm [file_name] (delete file)
mv [source] [target] (move files or folder)

9. Unix-like command - Shell
cd [directory] (change the working directory)
pwd (show the working directory path)
chmod [mode] [file] (change file modes)
Mode : [user][group][guest]
-rw-r--r kuanhua gcs Oct 10 20:44 test.txt
Ex. chmod 777 test.txt
-rwxrwxrwx 1 kuanhua gcs Oct 10 20:44 test.txt #
Permission
rwx 7
full
111 6
read and write
110 5
read and execute
101 4
read only
100 3
write and execute
011 2
write only
010 1
execute only
001
none
000

10. Unix-like command - Shell
man man
(format and display the on-line manual pages)
Other:
Reference:

11. ee/edit BSD only Start ee : % ee <input filename> Usage
edit mode like notepad
ESC-ENTER : save/exit

12. viM Normal mode Command mode Insert mode Reference:
Vim has six BASIC modes
But we often use the following three mode:
Normal mode
Insert mode
Command mode
start vim：
%vim <filename>
Normal mode
<:>
In Normal mode you can enter all the normal editor commands.
<Esc>
<Esc>
<i>
Command mode
Insert mode
Reference:

13. FTP - WinSCP
Add new account
使用工作站帳號密碼
Port 22
SFTP

14. FTP - FileZilla
開啓站台管理員
新增站台
選SFTP
登入型式(一般)

15. Fork & thread 教學

16. fork fork - create a new process
The new process (child process) shall be an exact copy of the calling process (parent process)
The child process shall have a unique process ID(different parent process ID).
The return value in the child is 0,whereas the return value in the parent is the process ID of the new child.
It return -1 only when fork failed.

17. fork Parent … pid = fork(); Child pid = fork(); … pid = 0
pid = (Child pid)

18. fork() - example1 %g++ fork1.cpp -o fork1 % ./fork1 & [1] 17356
my child is 17357
I am child!
% ps
PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND
Ss 0:00.04 /bin/tcsh -l
R : /fork1
R : /fork1
R :00.00 ps
% killall -v fork1
kill -TERM 17357
kill -TERM 17356
[1] + Terminated /fork1
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> int main(void) { pid_t pid; pid = fork(); switch (pid) case -1: printf("failure!\n"); break; case 0: printf("I am child!\n"); break; default: printf("my child is %d\n",pid); break; } for (;;) { /* do something here */ }

19. Shared Memory Memory space is shared between processes
int shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int shmflg)
Request a shared memory, and the return value is a shared memory ID
void* shmat(int shmid, const void* shmaddr, int shmflg)
Attach an existing shared memory to an address space, and the return value is void pointer to the memory
int shmdt(const void* shmaddr)
Detach a shred memory, shmaddr is the value return by shmat()
int shmctl(int shmid, int IPC_RMID, NULL)
Remove a shared memory
Process A
Process B
Shared Memory

20. fork() + shared memory % gcc fork2.c -o fork2 % ./fork2 & [1] 17671
% parent rand = 5
child get number = 5
#include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/shm.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> int main() { int ShmID, *ShmPTR; pid_t pid; ShmID = shmget(IPC_PRIVATE, sizeof(int), IPC_CREAT|0666); ShmPTR = (int *) shmat(ShmID, NULL, 0); pid = fork(); if (pid == -1) printf("failure!\n"); else if (pid == 0) for(;;) { if( ShmPTR[0] != 0 ) { printf("child get number = %d\n",ShmPTR[0]); exit(0); } else { srand(pid); ShmPTR[0] = rand()%10+1; printf("parent rand number = %d\n",ShmPTR[0]);
Fork
failure
Child
process
Parent
process

21. Thread Light weight process Share resources Own private data
Synchronization

22. Pthread API
int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, const pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(*start_routine)(void *), void *arg)
Create a new thread. If successful, the function returns 0
int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void** status)
Suspend caller until thread argument ends. If successful, the function returns 0
void pthread_exit(void* status)
Terminate calling thread
int pthread_cancel(pthread_t thread)
Send a cancellation request to a thread
int pthread_kill(pthread_t thread, int sig)
Send the signal sig to thread
pthread_t pthread_self(void)
Return ID of calling thread

23. How to create Pthread in unix-like OS?
Linux, BSD, Saloris…etc
Include:
#include <pthread.h>
Command line:
% g++ threads.cpp -lpthread -o threads

24. pthread() – example1 void *PrintHello(void *threadid) {
#include <pthread.h> #include <iostream> #include <unistd.h> using namespace std; #define NUM_THREADS 5 void *PrintHello(void *); int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS]; int rc , t; for(t=0;t<NUM_THREADS;t++) printf("In main: creating thread %d\n", t); rc = pthread_create(&threads[t] , NULL , PrintHello , (void *)&t); usleep(1000); if(rc) printf("ERROR; return code from pthread_create() is %d\n", rc); exit(-1); }
void *PrintHello(void *threadid) {
int tid = *((int *)threadid);
printf("Hello World! thread #%d\n", tid);
pthread_exit(NULL); }

25. pthread() – example1 cont.
% g++ threads1.cpp -o threads1 -lpthread % ./thread1 In main: creating thread 0 Hello World! thread #0 In main: creating thread 1 Hello World! thread #1 In main: creating thread 2 Hello World! thread #2 In main: creating thread 3 Hello World! thread #3 In main: creating thread 4 Hello World! thread #4

26. pthread() – example2 void *doSomething(void *arg) { for (;;) {
int tmp = *((int *)arg);
cout << tmp;
cout.flush();
sleep(tmp); }
return NULL;
#include <iostream> #include <stdlib.h> #include <pthread.h> using namespace std; void *doSomething(void * arg); int main() { int tmp1=1, tmp2=2; pthread_t t1; if ( pthread_create(&t1, NULL, doSomething, (int *)&tmp1) != 0 ) { cout << "pthread_create() error" << endl; exit(-1); } doSomething((int *)&tmp2);
% g++ threads2.cpp -o threads2 -lpthread
% ./thread2
…(loop)…

27. Assignment

28. 1-1. use fork() and pthread
Create two global arrays with five elements
Just “rand()” all the elements between 1~10, and find the minimum
Print out all the elements and minimum of each array, and the minimum of the two arrays
Output sample:
array1: , min1=4
array2: , min2=1
minimum=1

29. 1-1. use fork() VER. Fork: Create a child process
parent rand() the values of array1 and find the min1 of array1
child rand() the values of array2 and find the min2 of array2
Then child find the minimum between min1 and min2

30. 1-1. use Pthread VER. Thread: Create two threads
thread1 rand() the values of array1 and find the min1 of array1, then sleep(min1)
thread2 rand() the values of array2 and find the min2 of array2, then sleep(min2)
Then main process find the minimum between min1 and min2.

31. 1-2: producer and consumer
First, build a GLOBAL BUFFER. It’s a queue(only need FIFO array, don’t need to create a queue)
Build a producer thread and consumer thread
Producer: put numbers by rand() into buffer. You can’t put more number when the buffer is full.
Consumer: take out the numbers in the buffer. You can’t take more number out when the buffer is empty.
Print out the number and its location in buffer from Producer and Consumer (see textbook 7th. Edition Ch3-4)

32. 1-2 cont. Buffer size=5 Number of consumer and producer =12
Output sample:
producer(1)-producer put [208] in buffer[0]
producer(2)-producer put [142] in buffer[1]
consumer(1)-consumer get [208] in buffer[0]
producer(3)-producer put [66] in buffer[2]
producer(4)-producer put [241] in buffer[3]
producer(5)-producer put [164] in buffer[4]
consumer(2)-consumer get [142] in buffer[1]
producer(6)-producer put [7] in buffer[0] ……………..

33. 1-2 cont.
#include<stdio.h> #include<pthread.h> #include<stdlib.h>//** #include <time.h> #include <unistd.h>//** #define BUFFER_SIZE 5 int buffer[BUFFER_SIZE]; void * consumer(void *argv){ for (int num=0;num<12;num++){ sleep(rand()%10); //write here } void * producer(void *argv){ sleep(rand()%5); int main(){ int errno; srand((int)time(0)); pthread_t p_tid, c_tid; pthread_create(&c_tid, NULL, consumer, NULL); pthread_create(&p_tid, NULL, producer, NULL); pthread_join(c_tid ,NULL); pthread_join(p_tid ,NULL);

34. Requirement You should submit three c/cpp files and one report
The report should include output results and what you have learned in this homework
File format:
1-1-fork.c (30%)
1-1-thread.c (30%)
1-2.c (30%)
STUDENT_ID.doc (10%)

35. Requirement cont.
Compress your file and named as STUDENT_ID_ver1.zip ex: _ver1.zip
Deadline: 11/4 23:59
Upload to the FTP:
host : caig.cs.nctu.edu.tw
port : 30021
username : OS12
password : OS12

36. Q & A