1. Directing groups

2. What are directing groups?
Substitution of a 2nd group on a benzene ring
The 1st group directs the position of the 2nd substituted group
Two types
2‐ and 4‐directing groups activate the ring: reactivity increases
3‐directing groups deactivate the ring: reactivity decreases

3. 2- and 4- directing groups1 2 3 4 6 5
2- and 4- directing groups: –OH, NH2
Group donates electrons onto ring
Reactivity increases
2nd substitution at 2- or 4- positions 1 2 3 4 6 5 4 +

4. 3- directing groups 1 2 3 4 6 5 3- directing groups: –NO2
Group withdraws electrons from ring
Reactivity decreases
2nd substitution at 3- position 1 2 3 4 6 5