1. UNIT I

2. Definition of IoT Definition
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network, often communicate data associated with users and their environment
Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to the Internet

3. Characteristics of IoT
Dynamic & Self-Adapting
IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions, user’s context, or sensed environment
Self-Configuring
IoT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality like setup networking, fetch latest software upgrades
Interoperable Communication Protocols
IoT devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure

4. Characteristics of IoT
Unique Identity
Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as an IP address or a URI)
Integrated into Information Network
IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems

5. Physical Design of IoT – Things in IoT
The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices
IoT devices have unique identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities
IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly) or collect data from other devices
It process the data either locally or send the data to centralized server

7. Physical Design of IoT – Things in IoT
IoT devices varied in types
Wearable Sensors, Smart watches, LED lights, automobiles, and industrial machines
Almost all IoT devices generate data in some form or the other which when processed by data analytics systems leads to useful information to guide further actions locally or remotely

8. IoT Protocols

10. Logical Design of IoT IoT Functional Blocks IoT Communication Models
IoT communication APIs

11. IoT Functional Block
An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication, and management
Device
Communication
Services
Management
Security
Application

12. IoT Communication Models
Request – Response
Publish – Subscribe
Push-Pull
Exclusive Pair

17. IoT Communication APIs
REST – based Communication APIs
WebSocket – based Communication APIs

18. REST-based Communication APIs
Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources and how system resource states are addressed and transferred
REST APIs follow the request-response communication model
The REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data elements within a distributed hypermedia system

19. REST Architectural Constraints
Client –Server
The principle behind the client-server constraints is the separation of concerns
Stateless
Each request from client to server must contains all the information necessary to understand the request
The session state is kept entirely on the client
Cache-able
Cache constraints requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cache-able

20. REST Architectural Constraints
Layered System
Layered system constraints, constraints the behavior of components such that each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting
Uniform Interface
Interface constraints requires that the method of communication between a client and a server must be uniform
Code on demand
Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their context

23. WebSocket-based Communication APIs
WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers
It follows the exclusive pair communication model
WebSocket APIs reduce the network traffic and latency as there is no overhead for connection setup and termination requests for each message

24. IoT Enabling Technologies
Embedded Systems
Wireless Sensor Networks
Communication Protocols
Cloud Computing
Big Data Analytics

25. Wireless Sensor Networks
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises of distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions
A WSN consist of a number of end-nodes and routers and a coordinator (collects the data from all the nodes)
Eg : Weather monitoring system, Soil moisture monitoring system (at various location), Surveillance system etc..

26. Embedded System
An Embedded system is a system that has computer hardware and software embedded to perform specific tasks
Embedded system range from low-cost miniaturized devices such as
Digital watch
Digital cameras
Vending machines
Appliances ( washing machine) etc…

27. Communication Protocols
Communication protocols form the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and coupling to applications
Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network

28. CoAP- Constrained Application Protocol
MQTT – Message Queue Telemetry Transport
XMPP – Extensible Messaging and presence protocol
DSS – Data Distribution Service
AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

29. Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering applications and services over the Internet
Cloud computing involves provisioning of computing, networking and storage resources on demand and providing these resources as metered services to the users, in a “pay as you go model”
Cloud computing services are offered to users in different forms
Infrastructure- as- a- Service (IaaS)
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

30. Big Data Analytics
Big data is a collections of data sets whose volume, velocity or variety is so large that it is difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using traditional databases and data processing tools
Examples of big data generated by IoT systems
Weather Monitoring Stations
Machine sensor data from industrial systems
Health and fitness data
Location and tracking systems

31. IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
Device – An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote monitoring capabilities
Resource – Resources are software components on the IoT device for accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling actuators connected to the device
Controller Service – It sends data from the device to the web service and receives commands from the application for controlling the device
Database – Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by the IoT
Web Service – Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application, database and analysis components
Analysis Component – It is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and generate results
Application – It is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system
IoT System components

32. A Level -1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing/or actuating, stores data, perform analysis and host the application. Level 1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low-cost and low complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive
Eg: Home automation
The system consists of a single node that allows controlling the lights and appliances in a home remotely. The device used in the system interfaces with the light and appliances using electronic relay switches. The status information of each light or appliance is maintained in the local database. The controller service continuously monitors the state of each light or appliance and triggers the relay switches accordingly.

33. A Level -2 IoT System has a single node that performs sensing and /or actuation and local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud based.
Level 2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big, however, the primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally itself
IoT 2 system for smart irrigation. The system consists of a single node that monitors the soil moisture level and controls the irrigation system. The device used in this system collects soil moisture data from sensors. The controller service continuously monitors the moisture levels. If the moisture level drops below a threshold, the irrigation system is turned on. The controller also sends the moisture data to the cloud. A cloud based application is used for visualizing the moisture level over a period of time, which can help in making decisions about iriigation schedule

34. A Level 3 IoT system has a single node
A Level 3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud. Level 3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive
Example
The system for tracking package handling. The system consists of a single node(for a package) that monitors the vibration levels for a package being shipped. The device in this system uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensors for monitoring vibration levels. The controller service sends the sensor data to the cloud in real-time. The data is stored in the cloud and also visualized using cloud based application. The analysis components in the cloud can trigger alters if the vibration levels become greater than a threshold

35. Level 4 system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis
Level 4 system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud. Level 4 contains local and cloud based observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices. Observer nodes can process information and use it for various applications, however, observer nodes do not perform any control functions. Level 4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required, the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive
Example
Noise Monitoring. The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring noise level in an area

36. Level 5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node
Level 5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation. Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud.
Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud
Level 5 systems are suitable for solutions based on Wireless sensor networks, in which the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computational intensive
Example
Forest fire detection
The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide (CO2) level in the forest.

37. Level 6 system has multiple end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud. Data is stored in the cloud
The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control commands to the nodes
Example
Weather monitoring

38. Component of a Microprocessor/Microcontroller
CPU: Central Processing Unit
I/O: Input /Output
Bus: Address bus & Data bus
Memory: RAM & ROM
Timer
Interrupt
Serial Port
Parallel Port

39. General-purpose microprocessor
CPU for Computers
Commonly no RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
Many chips on motherboard
Data Bus
CPU
General-Purpose Micro-processor
Serial COM Port
I/O Port
Intel’s x86: 8086,8088,80386,80486, Pentium
Motorola’s 680x0: 68000, 68010, 68020,68030,6040
RAM
ROM
Timer
Address Bus

40. Microcontroller : A single chip A single-chip computer
On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
Example：Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X
CPU
RAM
ROM
A single chip
Serial COM Port
I/O Port
Timer
Microcontroller

41. Micro-Controller:
It is a micro-computer. As any computer it has internal CPU, RAM, IOs interface.
It is used for control purposes, and for data analysis.
Famous microcontroller manufacturers are MicroChip, Atmel, Intel, Analog devices, and more.
[list]

42. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip
fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports
for applications in which cost, power and space are critical
single-purpose (control-oriented)
Low processing power
Low power consumption
Bit-level operations
Instruction sets focus on control and bit-level operations
Typically 8/16 bit
Typically single-cycle/two-stage pipeline
Microprocessor
CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate
designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports.
expensive
versatility
general-purpose
High processing power
High power consumption
Instruction sets focus on processing-intensive operations
Typically 32/64 – bit
Typically deep pipeline (5-20 stages)
versatility 多用途的: any number of applications for PC

43. Some Popular Microcontrollers…
8051
Microchip Technology PIC
Atmel AVR
Texas Instruments MSP430 (16-bit)
ARM

44. Sensors
A sensor is a transducer that converts a physical stimulus from one form into a more useful form to measure the stimulus
Two basic categories:
Analog
Discrete
Binary
Digital (e.g., pulse counter)
Ultrasonic
(distance)
Touch
Light
(light intensity)
Sound
(db pressure)

45. Sensors available in Market

46. Types of Actuators Electrical actuators Hydraulic actuators
Electric motors
DC servomotors
AC motors
Stepper motors
Solenoids
Hydraulic actuators
Use hydraulic fluid to amplify the controller command signal
Pneumatic actuators
Use compressed air as the driving force
Device that turns energy (typically electrical) to motion