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UNIT I.

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Presentation on theme: "UNIT I."— Presentation transcript:

1 UNIT I

2 Definition of IoT Definition
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network, often communicate data associated with users and their environment Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to the Internet

3 Characteristics of IoT
Dynamic & Self-Adapting IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions, user’s context, or sensed environment Self-Configuring IoT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality like setup networking, fetch latest software upgrades Interoperable Communication Protocols IoT devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure

4 Characteristics of IoT
Unique Identity Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as an IP address or a URI) Integrated into Information Network IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems

5 Physical Design of IoT – Things in IoT
The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices IoT devices have unique identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly) or collect data from other devices It process the data either locally or send the data to centralized server

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7 Physical Design of IoT – Things in IoT
IoT devices varied in types Wearable Sensors, Smart watches, LED lights, automobiles, and industrial machines Almost all IoT devices generate data in some form or the other which when processed by data analytics systems leads to useful information to guide further actions locally or remotely

8 IoT Protocols

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10 Logical Design of IoT IoT Functional Blocks IoT Communication Models
IoT communication APIs

11 IoT Functional Block An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication, and management Device Communication Services Management Security Application

12 IoT Communication Models
Request – Response Publish – Subscribe Push-Pull Exclusive Pair

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17 IoT Communication APIs
REST – based Communication APIs WebSocket – based Communication APIs

18 REST-based Communication APIs
Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources and how system resource states are addressed and transferred REST APIs follow the request-response communication model The REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data elements within a distributed hypermedia system

19 REST Architectural Constraints
Client –Server The principle behind the client-server constraints is the separation of concerns Stateless Each request from client to server must contains all the information necessary to understand the request The session state is kept entirely on the client Cache-able Cache constraints requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cache-able

20 REST Architectural Constraints
Layered System Layered system constraints, constraints the behavior of components such that each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting Uniform Interface Interface constraints requires that the method of communication between a client and a server must be uniform Code on demand Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their context

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23 WebSocket-based Communication APIs
WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers It follows the exclusive pair communication model WebSocket APIs reduce the network traffic and latency as there is no overhead for connection setup and termination requests for each message

24 IoT Enabling Technologies
Embedded Systems Wireless Sensor Networks Communication Protocols Cloud Computing Big Data Analytics

25 Wireless Sensor Networks
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises of distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions A WSN consist of a number of end-nodes and routers and a coordinator (collects the data from all the nodes) Eg : Weather monitoring system, Soil moisture monitoring system (at various location), Surveillance system etc..

26 Embedded System An Embedded system is a system that has computer hardware and software embedded to perform specific tasks Embedded system range from low-cost miniaturized devices such as Digital watch Digital cameras Vending machines Appliances ( washing machine) etc…

27 Communication Protocols
Communication protocols form the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and coupling to applications Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network

28 CoAP- Constrained Application Protocol
MQTT – Message Queue Telemetry Transport XMPP – Extensible Messaging and presence protocol DSS – Data Distribution Service AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

29 Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering applications and services over the Internet Cloud computing involves provisioning of computing, networking and storage resources on demand and providing these resources as metered services to the users, in a “pay as you go model” Cloud computing services are offered to users in different forms Infrastructure- as- a- Service (IaaS) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

30 Big Data Analytics Big data is a collections of data sets whose volume, velocity or variety is so large that it is difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using traditional databases and data processing tools Examples of big data generated by IoT systems Weather Monitoring Stations Machine sensor data from industrial systems Health and fitness data Location and tracking systems

31 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
Device – An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote monitoring capabilities Resource – Resources are software components on the IoT device for accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling actuators connected to the device Controller Service – It sends data from the device to the web service and receives commands from the application for controlling the device Database – Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by the IoT Web Service – Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application, database and analysis components Analysis Component – It is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and generate results Application – It is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system IoT System components

32 A Level -1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing/or actuating, stores data, perform analysis and host the application. Level 1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low-cost and low complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive Eg: Home automation The system consists of a single node that allows controlling the lights and appliances in a home remotely. The device used in the system interfaces with the light and appliances using electronic relay switches. The status information of each light or appliance is maintained in the local database. The controller service continuously monitors the state of each light or appliance and triggers the relay switches accordingly.

33 A Level -2 IoT System has a single node that performs sensing and /or actuation and local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud based. Level 2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big, however, the primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally itself IoT 2 system for smart irrigation. The system consists of a single node that monitors the soil moisture level and controls the irrigation system. The device used in this system collects soil moisture data from sensors. The controller service continuously monitors the moisture levels. If the moisture level drops below a threshold, the irrigation system is turned on. The controller also sends the moisture data to the cloud. A cloud based application is used for visualizing the moisture level over a period of time, which can help in making decisions about iriigation schedule

34 A Level 3 IoT system has a single node
A Level 3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud. Level 3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive Example The system for tracking package handling. The system consists of a single node(for a package) that monitors the vibration levels for a package being shipped. The device in this system uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensors for monitoring vibration levels. The controller service sends the sensor data to the cloud in real-time. The data is stored in the cloud and also visualized using cloud based application. The analysis components in the cloud can trigger alters if the vibration levels become greater than a threshold

35 Level 4 system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis
Level 4 system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud. Level 4 contains local and cloud based observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices. Observer nodes can process information and use it for various applications, however, observer nodes do not perform any control functions. Level 4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required, the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive Example Noise Monitoring. The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring noise level in an area

36 Level 5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node
Level 5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation. Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud Level 5 systems are suitable for solutions based on Wireless sensor networks, in which the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computational intensive Example Forest fire detection The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide (CO2) level in the forest.

37 Level 6 system has multiple end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud. Data is stored in the cloud The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control commands to the nodes Example Weather monitoring

38 Component of a Microprocessor/Microcontroller
CPU: Central Processing Unit I/O: Input /Output Bus: Address bus & Data bus Memory: RAM & ROM Timer Interrupt Serial Port Parallel Port

39 General-purpose microprocessor
CPU for Computers Commonly no RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself Many chips on motherboard Data Bus CPU General-Purpose Micro-processor Serial COM Port I/O Port Intel’s x86: 8086,8088,80386,80486, Pentium Motorola’s 680x0: 68000, 68010, 68020,68030,6040 RAM ROM Timer Address Bus

40 Microcontroller : A single chip A single-chip computer
On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... Example:Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X CPU RAM ROM A single chip Serial COM Port I/O Port Timer Microcontroller

41 Micro-Controller: It is a micro-computer. As any computer it has internal CPU, RAM, IOs interface. It is used for control purposes, and for data analysis. Famous microcontroller manufacturers are MicroChip, Atmel, Intel, Analog devices, and more. [list]

42 Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports for applications in which cost, power and space are critical single-purpose (control-oriented) Low processing power Low power consumption Bit-level operations Instruction sets focus on control and bit-level operations Typically 8/16 bit Typically single-cycle/two-stage pipeline Microprocessor CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. expensive versatility general-purpose High processing power High power consumption Instruction sets focus on processing-intensive operations Typically 32/64 – bit Typically deep pipeline (5-20 stages) versatility 多用途的: any number of applications for PC

43 Some Popular Microcontrollers…
8051 Microchip Technology PIC Atmel AVR Texas Instruments MSP430 (16-bit) ARM

44 Sensors A sensor is a transducer that converts a physical stimulus from one form into a more useful form to measure the stimulus Two basic categories: Analog Discrete Binary Digital (e.g., pulse counter) Ultrasonic (distance) Touch Light (light intensity) Sound (db pressure)

45 Sensors available in Market

46 Types of Actuators Electrical actuators Hydraulic actuators
Electric motors DC servomotors AC motors Stepper motors Solenoids Hydraulic actuators Use hydraulic fluid to amplify the controller command signal Pneumatic actuators Use compressed air as the driving force Device that turns energy (typically electrical) to motion


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