1. World STRATIFICATION: The global HIERARCHY
Chapter 7 (Book 12)
World STRATIFICATION: The global HIERARCHY

2. World Stratification: The Global Hierarchy
Learning Objectives
LO 7.1 Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries.
LO 7.2 Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world.
LO 7.3 Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality.
LO 7.4 Evaluate trends in global inequality.

3. The Power of Society
In a world of unequal economic development, how does a child's country of birth affect the chances of survival?

4. “Although poverty is a reality in the United States and other nations, the greatest social inequality is not within nations but between them.”
Found on page 332.

5. Global Stratification: An Overview
LO 7.1 Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries.

6. Changing Terminology Old terminology
First world: Industrial rich countries
Second world: Less industrial socialist countries
Third world: Non-industrial poor countries
Problems with old terminology
After the Cold War, the second world no longer existed.
The third world is too economically diverse to be meaningful.

7. Changing Terminology New terminology
High-income: Nations with the highest standard of living
Middle-income: Somewhat poorer nations with economic development typical for the world
Low-income: Nations with lowest productivity and extensive poverty
Advantages
Focuses on economic development rather than political structure (capitalist or socialist)
Provides better picture of the relative economic development of various countries

8. High-Income Countries
First to develop during industrial revolution two centuries ago
Enjoy 64% of the world's income
Control financial markets which means control of other countries

10. Middle-Income Countries
About 52% of the population lives in or near urban areas and have industrial jobs
About 48% live in rural areas and engage in agricultural activities -- a general lack of access to schools, medical care, and safe water
See page 335 for more details.

11. Mostly poor, rural economies Agrarian, with some industry
Low-Income Countries
Mostly poor, rural economies
Agrarian, with some industry
Very short life expectancy
Hunger, disease, and unsafe housing shape the lives of the world's poorest people.

13. The Severity of Poverty
Poverty in poor countries is more severe than it is in rich countries.
Norway had the highest “quality of life” rating, followed by Australia and Canada.
The United States ranked 6th.
Niger had the lowest.

14. The Severity of Poverty
Relative poverty
Lack of resources that others take for granted
This sort of poverty exists in every society, rich or poor.
Absolute poverty
A life-threatening lack of resources
One-third or more of the people in low-income countries experience poverty at this level.

15. Is poverty life-threatening?
Extent of Poverty
Is poverty life-threatening?
In some African and Asian countries, half of annual deaths are children under age of 10.
Every 10 minutes, 100 people die of hunger, about 25,000 people a day.
1.4 billion people suffer from chronic hunger in the world.

17. Poverty and Children
100 million children in poor countries forced to work the streets (e.g., beg, steal, sell sex).
Tens of millions of children are orphaned or have left their families and live on the streets.
Many girls, with little or no access to medical assistance, become pregnant.
Tens of millions of children fend for themselves every day on the streets of poor cities where many fall victim to disease, drug abuse, and violence.

18. Women, Slavery, and Poverty
In all societies, a woman's work is unrecognized, undervalued, and underpaid.
Sweatshop workers are mostly women.
70% of the world's 1 billion people living near absolute poverty are women.

19. Women, Slavery, and Poverty
Most women in poor countries receive little or no reproductive health care.
World's poorest women typically give birth without help from trained health care personnel.

20. Women, Slavery, and Poverty
Five types of slavery (Anti-Slavery International)
Chattel slavery: One person owns another
Child slavery: A more common form of bondage
Debt bondage: Employers hold workers to pay debts
Servile forms of marriage: Women married against their will or forced into prostitution
Human trafficking: Third largest source of profit to organized crime

21. Human slavery continues to exist in the twenty-first century.

22. Human Trafficking Movement of men, women, and children
From one place to another
For the purpose of performing forced labor
People lured to a new country with promise of a job
Forced to become prostitutes or farm laborers
Adopted and forced to work in sweatshops

23. Correlates of Global Poverty: What Is…?
Technology
About one-fourth of the people in low-income countries use human or animal power to farm land.
Population growth
Population for poor countries in Africa doubles every 25 years.

24. Correlates of Global Poverty: What Is…?
Cultural patterns
People resist innovations; accept slavery as a way of life.
Social stratification
Low-income countries distribute wealth very unequally.

25. Correlates of Global Poverty: What Is…?
Gender inequality
Raising living standards means improving women's standing.
Global power relationships
Historically, wealth flowed from poor societies to rich nations through colonialism.

26. Correlates of Global Poverty: What Is…?
Colonialism
Process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations
Neocolonialism
“New” form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations
Correlates of Global Poverty: What Is…?

27. Modernization Theory
Modernization theory
Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations.
LO 7.3 Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality.

28. Modernization Theory Historical perspective
Centuries ago, the entire world was poor.
Exploration, trade, and the industrial revolution transformed Western Europe and North America.
Absolute poverty declined and standard of living jumped in some areas of world.

29. Weber: Cultural perspective
Modernization Theory
Weber: Cultural perspective
Protestant Reformation reshaped traditional Christian beliefs.
Wealth became a personal virtue.
Individualism replaced the traditional emphasis on family and community.

30. Rostow's Stages of Modernization
Traditional stage
Changing traditional views
Take-off stage
Use of talents and imaginations
Drive to technological maturity
Diversified economy takes over
High mass consumption
Mass production stimulates consumption

31. The Role of Rich Nations in Global Economic Development
Controlling population
Exporting birth control and educating people on its importance
Increasing food production
Using of new hybrid seeds, modern irrigation methods, the use of chemicals and pesticides
Introducing industrial technology
Sharing machinery and information to facilitate shifts in economies
Providing foreign aid
Using money for equipment necessary for change

32. Evaluation
Modernization simply has not happened in many poor countries.
Theory fails to recognize how rich nations benefit from the status quo of poor nations.
Theory fails to recognize that international relations affect all nations.
Ethnocentric approach holds up the richest nations as the standard to judge other societies.
Blames global poverty on the poor societies.

33. Historical perspective
Dependency Theory
Historical perspective
People living in poor countries were better off in the past than they are now.
Economic position of rich and poor are linked.

34. Dependency Theory
Economic positions of rich and poor nations of the world are linked and cannot be understood apart from each other.
Some nations became rich only because others became poor.
These women staged a protest in Athens, Greece; they are wearing white masks to symbolize the “faceless” workers who make much of what we wear. Is any of the clothing you wear made in sweatshop factories?

35. Importance of colonialism
Dependency Theory
Importance of colonialism
Europeans colonized much west, south and east.
African slave trade is the most brutal form of human exploitation.
Neocolonialism is the “essence” of the modern capitalistic world economy.

37. Wallerstein's Capitalist World Economy
Today's world economy is rooted in the colonization that began 500 years ago.
Rich countries: Form the core of the world economy and are enriched by raw materials from around the world.
Low-income countries: Are the periphery by providing inexpensive labor and a market for industrial products.
Middle-income countries: Form the semiperiphery, having a closer tie to the core

38. Wallerstein's Ideas Wallerstein Narrow, export-oriented economies:
Poor countries produce only a few crops for export to rich countries.
Lack of industrial capacity:
Poor countries sell raw materials to rich countries, then buy finished products at high prices.
Foreign debt:
Poor countries owe rich countries $1 trillion dollars, including hundreds of billions to the United States.

39. Wallerstein Evaluation Wrongly treats wealth as zero-sum game.
Wrongly blames rich nations for global poverty.
Wrongly presents a simplistic by citing capitalism as the single factor.
Offers inaccurate claim that global trade always benefits rich nations.
Provides more protest than policy.

41. GLOSSARY Extensive Expansion Poverty Grant Odds Beg Fend Abuse
Sweatshop
Chattel
Bondage
Servile
Trafficking
Lure
Exploitation
Decline
Virtue
Stimulate
Irrigation
Pesticide
Better off
Brutal
Essence
Raw
Perphery
Affluence